Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085593 (chills)
 4,268 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A randomized trial conducted in the US and Cuba assessed whether moistening misoprostol in advance of vaginal insertion enhances the efficacy of medical abortion after methotrexate administration. 240 abortion seekers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (US), and Havana, Cuba, with pregnancies of 49 days' gestation or less were randomized either to dip the four 200-mcg misoprostol tablets in water before administration (group 1) or to insert the tablets dry (group 2). The misoprostol dose was repeated in 1-2 days if abortion did not occur. There were no statistically significant differences between groups 1 and 2 in the cumulative rate of abortion after the first misoprostol dose (73.0% vs. 71.3%), after the second misoprostol dose (84.1% vs. 81.1%), or by 35 days after methotrexate administration (95.2% vs. 91.8%). The proportion of women with a continuing pregnancy, defined as the presence of embryonic cardiac activity 2 weeks after methotrexate injection, was slightly but nonsignificantly higher in group 2 (5.7%) than in group 1 (2.4%). The immediate success rate in Pittsburgh was greater, although not significantly, for women who moistened the misoprostol (87% vs. 76%); in Havana, the opposite trend was observed (82% vs. 86%). Cramping began a mean of 2.8 hours after the first misoprostol administration in group 1 and a mean of 3.5 hours later in group 2. Women in group 1 had significantly more diarrhea (36% vs. 21%) and fever/chills (44% vs. 30%) than those in group 2, but rates of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache did not differ. These findings suggest that moistening misoprostol before vaginal application does not significantly improve the efficacy of methotrexate abortion.
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PMID:A randomized trial of the effect of moistening misoprostol before vaginal administration when used with methotrexate for abortion. 1034 81

We evaluated the effect of impression materials used in preparation of pure titanium castings on the surface reactive layer. Surface roughness of the refractory models before and after firing was smaller when silicone rather than agar impression material was used. The surface roughness of castings prepared with T-invest varied little with the impression material. However, the surface roughness of the castings prepared with CD Titaninvest was less when silicone impression material was used. Surface hardness of the castings was slightly greater when agar impression material was used, and metallic texture analysis of the surface of the castings showed a chill layer and a columnar crystal layer extending from the surface toward the interior. A relatively non-corroded white layer and a markedly corroded black layer were observed in the chill layer, and their thickness was smaller when silicone impression material was used. Use of the Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) to determine distribution of various elements in the superficial layer of the casting plates showed that the reactive layer contained less P and Si when silicone impression material was used rather than agar. NH4H2 PO4, which is a component of the bonding material in the investment, was present at a high concentration in the superficial layer of the agar impression material. This shows the importance of preparing refractory models with a non-water-absorbing impression material to obtain pure titanium casting plates with a smaller reactive layer.
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PMID:Effect of impression material on surface reactive layer when casting pure titanium in phosphate investment. 1035 45

We found similarities between the effects of low night temperatures (5 degrees C-10 degrees C) and slowly imposed water stress on photosynthesis in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves. Exposure of plants growing outdoors to successive chilling nights caused light- and CO(2)-saturated photosynthetic O(2) evolution to decline to zero within 5 d. Plants recovered after four warm nights. These photosynthetic responses were confirmed in potted plants, even when roots were heated. The inhibitory effects of chilling were greater after a period of illumination, probably because transpiration induced higher water deficit. Stomatal closure only accounted for part of the inhibition of photosynthesis. Fluorescence measurements showed no evidence of photoinhibition, but nonphotochemical quenching increased in stressed plants. The most characteristic response to both stresses was an increase in the ratio of electron transport to net O(2) evolution, even at high external CO(2) concentrations. Oxygen isotope exchange revealed that this imbalance was due to increased O(2) uptake, which probably has two components: photorespiration and the Mehler reaction. Chilling- and drought-induced water stress enhanced both O(2) uptake processes, and both processes maintained relatively high rates of electron flow as CO(2) exchange approached zero in stressed leaves. Presumably, high electron transport associated with O(2) uptake processes also maintained a high DeltapH, thus affording photoprotection.
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PMID:Analysis of the relative increase in photosynthetic O(2) uptake when photosynthesis in grapevine leaves is inhibited following low night temperatures and/or water stress 1051 60

Our first objective was to determine the effects of explosive amount and distance of the explosive to the meat surface in the Hydrodyne process on broiler breast tenderness. Early deboned (EB) breasts were removed immediately after initial chill (45 min postmortem), stored for 24 h (4 C), and subjected to one of four Hydrodyne treatments (200 g at 20 cm, 350 g at 23 cm, 275 g at 20 cm, or 350 g at 20 cm). Breasts were water-cooked (78 C internal). Hydrodyne treatment (HYD) of 350 g at 20 cm produced the greatest reduction (28.3%) in Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS, 1.9-cm wide strips). This combination was the only treatment to improve tenderness (peak force 4.3 kg) to a level equivalent (P > 0.05) to aged controls (CA; peak force 3.1 kg). The second objective was to determine the quality and sensory characteristics of Hydrodyne-treated (350 g explosive at 20 cm) broiler breasts as compared with CA and EB. The WBS values (1.0-cm wide and thick strips) for CA (1.56 kg) were different from both HYD (3.7 kg) and EB breasts (4.7 kg). The CA resulted in more tender, flavorful, and juicer breasts than EB and HYD. The EB was higher in initial moisture release than HYD. The EB breasts with tenderness problems can be tenderized by the Hydrodyne process based on WBS results. However, higher levels of explosive may be required to optimize the tenderness improvement of EB breasts that vary significantly in initial tenderness.
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PMID:Quality and sensory characteristics of selected post-rigor, early deboned broiler breast meat tenderized using hydrodynamic shock waves. 1068

Cattle and sheep are major reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157 and consequently these and certain other farm animals can pass out large numbers of this organism in their faeces. Thus the ability of the organism to survive in faeces, on pastureland and in associated water systems has important implications for its spread to crops by direct application of manure, by irrigation with infected water or directly to man by contact with animals or contaminated soil. Model systems were used to determine the persistence of the organism in river water, cattle faeces, soil cores and on stainless steel work surfaces. Survival of the organism was found to be greatest in soil cores containing rooted grass. Under these conditions viable numbers were shown to decline from approximately 10(8) g(-1) soil to between 10(6) and 10(7) g(-1) soil after 130 d. When the organism was inoculated into cattle faeces it remained detectable at high levels for more than 50 d. In contrast the organism survived much less readily in cattle slurry and river water where it fell in numbers from more than 10(6) ml(-1) to undetectable levels in 10 and 27 d, respectively. The survival of E. coli O157 was also investigated on stainless steel surfaces, where as air-dried deposits, it was shown to survive for periods in excess of 60 d. It was most stable at chill temperatures (4 degrees C) and viability was only partially reduced at 18 degrees C. In addition to stainless steel, the organism was shown to survive for extended periods on domestic (plastic) cutting boards, both at room and chill temperatures. Sanitizing agents, such as hypochlorites and a compound comprising both cationic and anionic-based active ingredients were found to be effective in killing various VTEC on stainless steel surfaces.
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PMID:Survival of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in soil, water and on surfaces. 1088 Jan 81

Production of biogenic amines during chill storage of 12 lots of cold-smoked salmon was studied. These data allowed for a multiple compound quality index to be developed by multivariate regression (partial least square regression). The quality index was based on concentrations of cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, and tyramine and pH and showed good correlation with sensory assessments. Biogenic amines were indicators of spoilage rather than casual agents of spoilage off-flavors. Four different biogenic amine profiles were found at the time of spoilage in cold-smoked salmon. These were the results of differences in the spoilage microflora. Histamine was detected above regulatory limits but below toxic levels. Measurements of salt and dry matter for calculation of water phase salt could be substituted by rapid water activity measurements.
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PMID:Multiple compound quality index for cold-smoked salmon (Salmo salar) developed by multivariate regression of biogenic amines and pH. 1088 66

Protecta II, an herbal extract on an NaCl carrier, was evaluated in a 30-min, 1 C simulated chill for its effectiveness of lowering microbial counts on broiler carcasses. Eighteen broiler carcasses were obtained from a local processing plant after final wash but before chill, placed into an insulated container, and transported to the research facility for treatment. Six plant run controls (PRC) were immediately bagged on return to the pilot plant, and a whole-carcass rinse was performed. The remaining carcasses were subjected to a 30-min chill (1 C) in tap water or a 2% solution of Protecta II, (n = 6 per treatment). After treatment, carcasses were rinsed with tap water and subjected to the whole-carcass rinse procedure. All rinse diluents were microbiologically analyzed for total aerobes, coliforms, generic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter. Six replications were analyzed on 6 different d for a total 36 carcasses per treatment and 36 PRC. The PRC carcasses had 3.7, 2.5, 2.1, and 2.0 log10 cfu/mL for total aerobes, coliforms, generic E. coli, and Campylobacter. Water treatment significantly reduced counts (2.6, 1.4, 0.7, and 0.9 log10 cfu/mL, respectively) when compared with the PRC. Protecta II treatment significantly reduced counts (P < 0.01) even further to counts of 0.06, 0.04, 0.01, and 0.00 log10 cfu/mL for total aerobes, coliforms, Campylobacter, and E. coli, respectively. Detectable levels of the monitored organisms were 1 cell/mL (log10 0) for the E. coli, coliforms, and total counts and 10 cells/mL (log10 1) for the Campylobacter. Microbial counts for carcasses treated with Protecta II would be considered too low to be detected (<1 cell/mL).
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PMID:Efficacy of an herbal extract on the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses during a simulated chill. 1094 92

Paractora dreuxi displays distinct ontogenetic differences in thermal tolerance and water balance. Larvae are moderately freeze tolerant. Mean larval onset of chill coma was -5.1 degrees C, and onset of heat stupor was 35.5 degrees C. Larval supercooling point (SCP) was -3.3 degrees C with 100% recovery, although mortality was high below -4 degrees C. Starvation caused SCP depression in the larvae. Adults were significantly less tolerant, with critical thermal limits of -2.7 and 30.2 degrees C, no survival below the SCP (-9.6 degrees C), and no change in SCP with starvation. Moderate freeze tolerance in the larvae supports the contention that this strategy is common in insects from southern, oceanic islands. Fly larvae survived desiccation in dry air for 30 h, and are thus less desiccation tolerant than most other sub-Antarctic insect larvae. Water loss rates of the adults were significantly lower than those of the larvae. Lipid metabolism did not contribute significantly to water replacement in larvae, which replaced lost body water by drinking fresh water, but not sea water. Kelp fly larvae had excellent haemolymph osmoregulatory abilities. Current climate change has led to increased temperatures and decreased rainfall on Marion Island. These changes are likely to have significant effects on P. dreuxi, and pronounced physiological regulation in larvae suggests that they will be most susceptible to such change.
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PMID:Critical thermal limits, temperature tolerance and water balance of a sub-Antarctic kelp fly, Paractora dreuxi (Diptera: Helcomyzidae). 1103 71

Two weeks after rafting on a river in Thailand a Dutch 54-year-old male experienced chills and high fever. While rafting he had wounded his hand. Because of the history (water contact, the wound, high fever with chills), of the findings at examination (fever, conjunctivitis) and of the laboratory findings (leukocytosis, albuminuria, disturbance of liver enzymes), a clinical diagnosis of 'leptospirosis' was made. This was confirmed by serological tests and culturing of Leptospirae from the blood. Leptospirosis is a zoonosis, in man associated with certain occupations, water sports and inundations. The clinical picture varies from a mild febrile disease (sometimes pyrexia of unknown origin) to a severe condition with kidney and liver failure, bleeding tendency, lung oedema (Weil's syndrome). In travellers with fever, water contact, leukocytosis and neutrophilia, leptospirosis must be considered and specific diagnostic tests applied.
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PMID:[Fever and chills due to leptospirosis after travel to Thailand]. 1121 66

The crop is a known source of Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination. We evaluated the use of selected organic acids (0.5% acetic, lactic, or formic) in drinking water during a simulated 8-h pretransport feed withdrawal (FW). Salmonella typhimurium was recovered from 53/100 control crops and from 45/100 of crops from acetic acid-treated broilers. However, treatment with lactic acid (31/100) or formic acid (28/76) caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in incidence. Reductions of recovered incidence were also associated with reduced numbers of S. typhimurium recovered (e.g., control, log 1.45 cfu/crop; lactic acid, 0.79 cfu/crop). In an additional commercial farm study, broilers were provided 0.44% lactic acid during a 10-h FW (4 h on the farm and 6 h transport) and pre-FW crop, post-FW crop, and pre-chill carcass wash samples were collected for Campylobacter and Salmonella detection. Crop contamination with Salmonella was significantly reduced by lactic acid treatment (6/175) as compared with controls (29/175). Importantly, Salmonella isolation incidence in prechill carcass rinses was significantly reduced by 52.4% with the use of lactic acid (26/175 vs. 55/176). Crop contamination with Campylobacter was significantly reduced by lactic acid treatment (62.3%) as compared with the controls (85.1%). Lactic acid also reduced the incidence of Campylobacter found on pre-chill carcass rinses by 14.7% compared with the controls. These studies suggest that incorporation of lactic acid in the drinking water during pretransport FW may reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of crops and broiler carcasses at processing.
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PMID:Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of broilers. 1126 56


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