Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085593 (chills)
 4,268 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We described three septicemia cases in which blood cultures yielded gram-positive cocci identified as Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. Patients were three male adults aged 63 to 71 years with severe underlying diseases, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer and diabetes mellitus with chronic renal failure. They had fever and chills at the onsets of septicemia with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis, acute pneumonia, and infection complicated with invasion sites of esophageal cancer contagious to bronchus and subcutaneous tissue. Blood cultures yielded catalase and oxidase negative highly vancomycin-resistant (MIC: 1024 micrograms/ml <) gram-positive cocci showing alpha or gamma hemolysis on blood agar plates. Two cases were polymicrobial infections. In one case with esophageal cancer, clinical symptoms persisted after the start of antimicrobial chemotherapy and the patient died 10 days later associated with complications of esophageal cancer. Leuconostoc lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum, and Pediococcus acidilactici wee identified by physiological reactions. These strains were also highly resistant to teicoplanin and fosfomycin, and tolerant to all rested beta-lactams such as benzylpenicillin. This is the first report in Japan to our knowledge on the identification of Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. isolated from human infectious diseases.
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PMID:[Microbiological and clinical studies of vancomycin resistant Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. isolated from septicemia patients]. 796 99

Chilling of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. callus tissue to 4 degrees C led to conditions of oxidative stress, as indicated by increased levels of the products of peroxidative damage to cell membranes. Cellular H2O2 was also observed to increase initially upon chilling but by day 8 cellular levels had declined to below control levels. Although levels of catalase activity remained similar to those in unchilled tissue, activity of ascorbate peroxidase increased between days 4 and 8 of chilling to 4 degrees C. In callus held at 23 degrees C, levels of reduced glutathione remained static whereas they rose in callus held at 4 degrees C. Levels of oxidised glutathione were initially low but increased significantly by day 4 in the chilled callus. At 23 degrees C, however, levels of oxidised glutathione remained low. Between days 1 and 3 at 4 degrees C, levels of glutathione reductase activity increased but by day 8 glutathione reductase activity was similar to that in cells held at 23 degrees C. Exposure of callus to abscisic acid at 23 degrees C also led to increased activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase.
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PMID:Chilling, oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in Arabidopsis thaliana callus. 871 34

To investigate the antioxidant defense system, chilling stress-induced changes of antioxidant enzymes were examined in the leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Chilling stress preferentially enhanced the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase specific to guaiacol, whereas it induced the decrease of catalase activity. In order to analyze the changes of antioxidant enzyme isoforms against chilling stress, foliar extracts were subjected to native PAGE. Leaves of cucumber had four isoforms of Mn-SOD and two isoforms of Cu/Zn-SOD. Fe-SOD isoform was not observed in this plant. Expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD was preferentially enhanced by chilling stress. Expression of Mn-SOD-2 and -4 was enhanced after 48 h of the poststress period. Five APX isoforms were presented in the leaves of cucumber. The intensities of APX-4 and -5 were enhanced by chilling stress, whereas that of APX-3 was significantly increased in the poststress periods after chilling stress. Gel stained for GR activity revealed six isoforms in the plant. Activation levels for most of GR isoforms were higher in the stressed-plants than the control and poststressed-plants, but that of GR-1 isoform was significantly higher in the poststressed-plants than chilling stressed-plants. These results collectively suggest that chilling stress activates the enzymes of an SOD/ascorbate-glutathione cycle under catalase deactivation in the leaves of cucumber, but the response timing of enzyme isoforms against various environmental stresses is not the same for all isoforms of antioxidant enzymes.
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PMID:Chilling stress-induced changes of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of cucumber: in gel enzyme activity assays. 1101 Oct 95

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds during imbibition. Soybean seeds germinated readily over a large range of temperatures (10-35 degrees C), the thermal optimum being 25-30 degrees C. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 degrees C. Pre-treatment of seeds at 1 degrees C reduced further germination at the optimal temperature (25 degrees C). This deleterious effect of chilling increased with duration of the treatment, and was maximal after 4 days. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20 degrees C with a polyethylene glycol-8000 solution at -1.5 MPa for at least 24 h followed by drying back the seeds to their initial moisture content reduced their chilling sensitivity and even allowed germination at 1 degrees C. Chilling of control seeds resulted in a sharp decline in in vivo ACC-dependent ethylene production and in an increase in electrolyte leakage in the medium, which indicated deterioration of membrane properties. Osmoconditioned seeds placed at 1 degrees C did not show any reduction in their ability to convert ACC to ethylene nor any strong increase in electrolyte leakage. Imbibition of both control and osmoconditioned seeds at 1 degrees C resulted in a marked increase in ATP level (more than 50% of the total nucleotides) and energy charge; however, the latter cannot be considered as an indicator of chilling since it remained high (0.74-0.88) throughout the cold treatment. Chilling treatment longer than 6 days induced accumulation of malondialdehyde in the embryonic axis, which was more marked in control seeds than in osmoconditioned seeds, suggesting that chilling sensitivity was associated with lipid peroxidation. Imbibition of seeds at 1 degrees C resulted in an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activity, which was generally higher in osmoconditioned seeds than in control ones. This stimulation of the antioxidant defence systems occurred during the 4 first days of chilling and decreased then in control seeds while it remained high in osmoconditioned ones. Re-warming seeds at 25 degrees C resulted in an increase in all enzyme activity involved in antioxidant defence. However this effect of re-warming decreased in control seeds after 4 days of chilling, whereas it was maintained in osmoconditioned seeds.
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PMID:Osmoconditioning reduces physiological and biochemical damage induced by chilling in soybean seeds. 1129 12

Chilling whole rice seedlings at 5 degrees C significantly increased the time needed to recover linear growth and reduced the subsequent linear rate of radicle growth. Subjecting nonchilled seedlings to a 45 degrees C heat shock for up to 20 min did not alter subsequent growth, whereas a 3 min heat shock was optimal in reducing growth inhibition caused by 2 days of chilling. The activity of five antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.7)] and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)-radical scavenging activity were measured in heat-shocked and/or chilled radicles. Heat shock slightly increased the activity of CAT, APX, and GR and suppressed the increase of GR and GPX activity during recovery from chilling. Increased CAT, APX, GR, and DPPH-radical scavenging activity and protection of CAT activity during chilling appear to be correlated with heat shock-induced chilling tolerance.
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PMID:Antioxidant enzymes and DPPH-radical scavenging activity in chilled and heat-shocked rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings radicles. 1180 22

Treatment of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Beefstake) fruit with low concentrations of (0.01 mM) methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or methyl salicylate (MeSA) substantially enhanced their resistance to chilling temperature and decreased the incidence of decay during low-temperature storage. While studying the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, different accumulation patterns of PR-protein mRNAs in tomato fruit were observed. MeJA substantially increased the accumulation of PR-2b transcripts encoding intracellular beta-1,3-glucanase and enhanced the mRNA levels of PR-2a and PR-3b encoding extracellular beta-1,3-glucanase and intracellular chitinase, respectively. MeSA substantially increased accumulation of PR-2b and PR-3a mRNAs and slightly increased PR-3b mRNA accumulation. Chilling temperature did not appreciably enhance the accumulation of PR-protein mRNAs in untreated fruit. However, the accumulation of PR-3b mRNAs in MeSA-treated fruit was enhanced following low-temperature storage. Transcript abundance of catalase genes also was investigated in different pretreated tomatoes. The accumulation of cat1 mRNA was increased substantially by MeJA, while it was reduced by MeSA treatment. These results suggest that the pre-treatment of tomato fruit with MeSA or MeJA induces the synthesis of some stress proteins, such as PR proteins, which leads to increased chilling tolerance and resistance to pathogens, thereby decreasing the incidence of decay.
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PMID:Jasmonate and salicylate induce the expression of pathogenesis-related-protein genes and increase resistance to chilling injury in tomato fruit. 1194 66

The effects of applying ethylene (2 microL x L(-)(1)) during cold storage of Fortune mandarins on the development of chilling-induced peel damage and on changes in the activities of the enzymes of the antioxidant system, superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, and on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) have been investigated. Chilling damage was reduced by applying ethylene during fruit storage at 1.5 degrees C. PAL activity increased in response to cold stress and was higher in fruit held under ethylene than under air during the whole storage period, whereas CAT was temporarily higher in ethylene-treated fruit. In contrast, the activities of the other enzymes were not increased by ethylene. The global results suggest that the ethylene-induced chilling tolerance in Fortune mandarins might be due to increased PAL and CAT activities.
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PMID:Active oxygen detoxifying enzymes and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the ethylene-induced chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. 1516 Dec 38

Data relating to the peculiarities of antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione (GSH) level and lipid peroxidation (LP) intermediates specific to at each ontogenic stage of Tenebrio molitor are presented. Metamorphosis is accompanied by a shift of prooxidant-antioxidant balance towards oxidative processes, since pupae have the highest levels of lipid peroxidation intermediates. Cold acclimation (4 degree C) can promote oxidative stress at the cold sensitive developmental stage--imagoes, which enhance their levels of diene conjugates and ketodienes after a 2-week cold acclimation. This enhancement is accompanied by an increase in catalase (CAT) activity. GSH levels undergo no changes in imagoes after cold acclimation. Neither larval nor pupal T. molitor show significant changes in LP product contents after cold acclimation. Chilling results in a significant increase in CAT activities in pupae, but not in larvae. GSH levels are reduced both in larvae and pupae after cold exposure. However, cold acclimation does not affect superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in any of the developmental stages of T. molitor.
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PMID:Variations of the antioxidant system during development of the cold-tolerant beetle, Tenebrio molitor. 1725 59

Atopobium rimae, previously Lactobacillus rimae, is a strictly anaerobic, non-spore forming grampositive rod which was frequently isolated from odontogenic infection. We report a case of A. rimae bacteremia. A 47-yr-old man with liver cirrhosis was admitted to the hospital via emergency room due to fever and chill. His abdominal and pelvic computed tomography revealed a small abscess near the left adrenal gland. Three sets of blood cultures were taken and non-spore forming, grampositive rods were detected in all anaerobic vials. This isolate grew small nonhemolytic, gray-white translucent colonies on Brucella blood agar and was obligatory anaerobic on air-tolerance test. This organism was negative for catalase, indole, nitrate-reduction and beta-lactamase and failed to identify by Vitek ANI card (bioMerieux, France). 16S rRNA sequences of this showed 99.8% homology of the published sequence of A. rimae (GenBank accession number AF292371). Aspirates of periadrenal abscess grew Escherichia coli and Peptostreptococcus micros. He was treated with metronidazole and imipenem and follow-up cultures of blood were negative at days 4 and 10. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacteremia of A. rimae.
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PMID:[A case of bacteremia by Atopobium rimae in a patient with liver cirrhosis]. 1809

Oxygen consumption by alternative oxidase (AOX), present in mitochondria of many angiosperms, is known to be cyanide-resistant in contrast to cytochrome oxidase. Its activity in potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) was induced following chilling treatment at 4 degrees C. About half of the total O(2) consumption of succinate oxidation in such mitochondria was found to be sensitive to SHAM, a known inhibitor of AOX activity. Addition of catalase to the reaction mixture of AOX during the reaction decreased the rate of SHAM-sensitive oxygen consumption by nearly half, and addition at the end of the reaction released nearly half of the consumed oxygen by AOX, both typical of catalase action on H(2)O(2). These findings with catalase suggest that the product of reduction of AOX is H(2)O(2) and not H(2)O, as previously surmised. In potatoes subjected to chill stress (4 degrees C) for periods of 3, 5 and 8 days the activity of AOX in mitochondria increased progressively with a corresponding increase in the AOX protein detected by immunoblot of the protein.
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PMID:Evidence for H(2)O(2) as the product of reduction of oxygen by alternative oxidase in mitochondria from potato tubers. 2005 Dec 23


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