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Query: UMLS:C0085584 (encephalopathy)
 18,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Life-threatening acute ventilatory failure has been considered to be a very rare manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) and only a few cases have been investigated clinicopathologically. We examined 4 patients with MS who developed acute ventilatory failure, accompanied by a constellation of neurological symptoms and signs that were consistent with midline ventral medullary lesions. All but one of them survived the episode with artificial ventilation over a period of 9-11 days. One of the remaining 3 patients died a year later from subsequently developed anoxic encephalopathy. Neuropathological examination of the 2 deceased cases revealed the suspected lesions in the medulla as well as widespread chronic and active MS foci, which were characterized by largely necrotic changes rather than by pure demyelination. MRI in another case revealed a lesion in the caudal medulla. The apparently not so rare occurrence of ventilatory failure among Japanese MS patients might be related to the known differences in pathological features between Japanese and Western MS patients. Since there is a good chance of recovery, early recognition of the symptom complex appears important in the assessment and treatment of such patients.
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PMID:Acute ventilatory failure in multiple sclerosis. 292 55

Krabbe's disease whose CT appearance is well known should benefit of the development of MRI as this method is more accurate. MRI permits early diagnosis of leucodystrophy. Yet it must be emphasized that abnormal white matter patterns are not sufficient to permit the diagnosis of Krabbe disease. In the case reported atrophy of the brain, the cerebellum and the brain-stem, demyelination of the white matter and necrosis of corpus callosum were observed. The abnormalities of the brain on MRI pictures help in the diagnosis as they may alert clinicians to the possibility of Krabbe disease in infants with progressive encephalopathy. A definitive diagnosis can be established thanks to the laboratory tests.
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PMID:[X-ray computed tomography and MRI in Krabbe's disease]. 307 25

The neurological spectrum of Borrelia burgdorferi infections is still enlarging. We review epidemiological, pathological and serological data of Lyme disease. The course of the disease is divided in three stages: stage 1 during the first month is characterised by erythema chronicum migrans and associated manifestations; stage 2 includes not only the classical European meningoradiculitis but also less specific neurological symptoms: isolated lymphocytic meningitis with an acute or even relapsing course, apparently idiopathic facial palsy, neuritis of other cranial nerves, polyneuritis cranialis, Argyll-Robertson sign, peripheral nerve involvement, acute transverse myelitis, severe encephalitis, myositis. During stage 3, three to five months or longer after the onset of the disease, chronic arthritis, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and various neurological symptoms can be observed: chronic neuropathy with mainly sensory or motor signs, recurrent strokes due to cerebral angiopathy and progressive encephalomyelitis; this third stage the central nervous system involvement is characterised by slowly progressive or fluctuating course during months or years, ataxic or spastic gait disorder, bladder disturbances, cranial nerve dysfunction including optic atrophy and hypoacusia, dysarthria, focal and diffuse encephalopathy. This chronic central nervous system disease can mimic multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa, psychic disorders or subacute presenile dementia. It is often associated with pleiocytosis, abnormal EEG and evoked potentials, sometimes multifocal and mainly periventricular white matter lesions visualised by CT or MRI, and as a rule high antibody titers against Borrelia burgdorferi. High doses of penicillin can halt the disease, sometimes induce spectacular regression of symptoms or sometimes be inefficient; ceftriaxone could be a more powerful therapy. Similarities between syphilis and Borreliosis are multiple: both of these spirochetes contain plasmids, can be transmitted through the placenta and progress for many years through successive stages, with multiorgan symptoms, including parenchymatous and vascular lesions of the central nervous system. Borrelia burgdorferi is the new great imitator.
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PMID:[Multiple neurologic manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection]. 307 Jun 90

We present ten patients with classical or common migraine of increasing severity accompanied by seizures of multiple patterns and increasing severity leading to episodes of epilepsia partialis continua. Long lasting deficits associated with hypodense lesions on CT and abnormal signals on MRI, then developed. Cortical blindness, cortical deafness and dementia were common. Five of the patients died in 1-10 years. Some of these patients had markers of mitochondrial disease (ragged red fibers and serum lactate elevation) and others with the same clinical picture did not. This group of patients indicates that mitochondrial encephalopathy may exist without evidence of myopathy, that the clinical syndrome is characteristic and that it should suggest the diagnosis even in the absence of muscular abnormalities.
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PMID:Malignant migraine: the syndrome of prolonged classical migraine, epilepsia partialis continua, and repeated strokes; a clinically characteristic disorder probably due to mitochondrial encephalopathy. 311 51

This is a case report on a patient with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes). This study documents, by CT scan, the progression of the disease for 7 years. The first CT scan was normal; all subsequent CT scans were pathological. In addition, one MRI study was done.
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PMID:[The MELAS syndrome. Computed tomographic documentation of its course and magnetic resonance tomography]. 319 17

The terms Binswanger's disease and arteriosclerotic subcortical encephalopathy are often applied to elderly patients with dementia and a diffuse hypodensity of the white matter on CT scan (or increased signal on MRI). Recently, similar white matter abnormalities have been reported in non-hypertensive patients with Alzheimer's disease and in elderly healthy people, casting doubt upon Binswanger's disease as an entity. These findings also suggest that the descriptive term leukoaraiosis meaning rarefied white matter is more appropriate than the term leucoencephalopathy. Nevertheless, within the group of patients with an ischemic stroke, several data suggest that leukoaraiosis is not a fortuitous finding and does not simply reflect ageing. Actually, these patients have a particular clinical profile, with intellectual deterioration, chronic hypertension, usually patent carotid arteries, and a deep location of the presenting infarct. Moreover hypertension seems to be still more strongly associated with leukoaraiosis than with a deep location of the infarct (lacunar infarction).
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PMID:[Leukoencephalopathy, leukoaraiosis and cerebral infarction]. 327 83

A case of biopsy documented subacute encephalopathy of AIDS was evaluated by CT and MRI. CT scanning revealed ventriculomegaly and ill-defined nonspecific periventricular white matter hypodensities. MRI, however, demonstrated extensive unequivocal diffuse white matter disease as the cause of the ventriculomegaly. MRI findings in this patient support the preliminary suggestion that MRI is more useful than computed tomography (CT) in demonstrating AIDS subacute encephalopathy.
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PMID:MRI appearance of AIDS subacute encephalopathy. 360 49

In three patients with Krabbe disease (galactosylceramide lipidosis), CT and MRI patterns progressed with the evolution of the disease. At first, discrete and symmetric dense areas on CT were found in deep gray matter of hemispheres and brainstem, and also in periventricular and capsular white matter. MRI showed decreased T1 values with normal or slightly decreased T2 values in those areas and large symmetric "plaque-like" lesions with high T1 and T2 values in white matter of the centrum semiovale. Later, both CT and MRI revealed diffuse reduction in gray matter and, more profoundly, in white matter mass. These findings may alert clinicians to the possibility of Krabbe disease in infants with progressive encephalopathy.
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PMID:Krabbe disease: specific MRI and CT findings. 394 65

This study was carried out using MRI (proton density--and T2-weighted) on 16 HIV-negative controls, 9 symptom-free HIV-positive patients and 25 with CDC IV HIV disease. The studies from this last group had previously been allocated by a radiologist to the following categories: 8 with focal mass lesions and normal-appearing white matter; 9 with diffuse encephalopathy (high signal on T2-weighted images, affecting most or all of the white matter) and 8 with patchy encephalopathy (high signal affecting only one or two areas within the white matter). Moran's I, a statistic of spatial autocorrelation, was calculated for the grey-scale values of a sampled pixel array from a central white matter region of each of the images. All values of Moran's I calculated in this study showed a large positive excess over the expected value under randomisation, indicating highly significant positive auto-correlation in the spatial arrangement of the grey-scale values. On T2-weighted images a statistically significant increase in the mean value of Moran's I, compared with controls, was found in the diffuse encephalopathy group, indicating that quantifiable changes in the spatial autocorrelation of pixel data can be related to recognised qualitative changes in the appearance of white matter in subjects with HIV disease. A lesser, but significant, rise in the mean value of Moran's I was also found in the focal mass lesion group, suggesting that changes in spatial autocorrelation may indicate pathological change in advance of qualitative MRI changes.
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PMID:Spatial data analysis in the quantitative assessment of cerebral white matter pathology on MRI in HIV infection. 747 47

A 33-year-man with an encephalopathy of unknown aetiology, had an history of epilepsia for 30 years. Different types of seizures were seen, including grand mal and frontal attacks. Epilepsia was associated with mental retardation and behavioral disorders. At the age of 33, he was admitted for repetitive general convulsions. Epilepticus status lasted for two weeks and improved with vigabatrin et clonazepam. General seizures, frontal motor convulsions with arms and trunk antepulsion, and dacrystic attacks were seen. The latter seemed to be like normal crying because they were accompanied by lacrimation, contorted and mournful facies, and sobbing sounds. One year later, repetitive cardiac arrests occurred during a new epilepticus status. Cardiac arrests, observed on ECG holter lasted 10 to 24 seconds, without cardiac dysfunction. EEG patterns on ECG holter lasted 10 to 24 seconds, without cardiac dysfunction. EEG patterns included theta and delta activity with rhythmic slow wave epileptic activity, predominating on right side, in temporal areas. CT scan was normal. MRI showed right cerebral atrophy, prevailing in the temporo-mesial region, with right temporal horn enlargement. This case report of dacrystic seizures, the first one with MRI study, suggests that temporo-mesial structures of the non-dominant hemisphere may be involved in dacrystic and asystolic attacks.
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PMID:[Dacrystic and asystolic epileptic seizures]. 748 7


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