Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085584 (encephalopathy)
 18,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report on a 23-month-old boy with a rare complication of rotavirus gastroenteritis. He was diagnosed as acute encephalopathy with DIC accompanied with high levels of cytokines. The liver pathology also revealed mild infiltration and fatty changes. He was suspected to be suffering from a cytokine storm followed by Reye syndrome.
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PMID:A case of Reye syndrome with rotavirus infection accompanied with high cytokines. 1622 9

The patient in this study was a 43-year-old woman who had become unconscious after contracting influenza virus type A infection. Brain CT showed severe brain swelling. Brain MRI also showed brain edema with no specific abnormality on T2-weighted images. We diagnosed her as having influenza type A virus-associated encephalopahty and treated her with Oseltamivir, methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and a high dose of intravenous immunoglobulins. In addition, we treated her with hypothermia and a high dose of intravenous ATIII because of the severe brain swelling and possibility of DIC. After the treatments, brain swelling had improved, and she regained consciousness without any sequelae. Adult influenza virus-associated encephalopathy is rare. We were able to successfully treat our patient with primary multidisciplinary treatments without causing sequelae.
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PMID:[Case of adult influenza type A virus-associated encephalopathy successfully treated with primary multidisciplinary treatments]. 1809 96

Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) usually occurs in children aged <5 years. Adult cases of IAE are very rare and, thus far, no definite adult autopsy case has been reported. Here, we present the first definite adult autopsy case of IAE. A 76-year-old man presented with sudden coma a day after the onset of fever caused by infection with influenza type A virus. Soon after admission, his condition was complicated by DIC, shock, and multiple organ failure, and he was diagnosed with IAE. Oseltamivir administration and steroid pulse therapy were performed but these proved to be ineffective. The patient died about 24 hours after the onset of encephalopathy. The autopsy revealed massive brain edema and diffuse increase of amoeboid glias without inflammatory cell infiltration. Influenza type A/Hong Kong virus (H3) was isolated from his lungs. Serum IL-6 level was extremely high (35,800 pg/ml; normal, 0.221-4.62 pg/ml). The clinical course, and the laboratory and pathological findings of this adult case resembled those of a typical childhood-onset IAE, suggesting the same pathogenesis. During the influenza season, IAE should be taken into account for differential diagnosis in adult patients with altered mental status and fever.
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PMID:[Elderly autopsy case of influenza-associated encephalopathy]. 1908 26

We report a 4-year-old boy with fulminating meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae (Hib). He suddenly developed fever, vomiting and then somnolence. As bacterial meningitis was suspected, treatment with antibiotics was started at 12 hours after the onset. However, there was a rapid progression of severe brain edema and brain hernia, leading to clinical brain death. His clinical course and neuroradiological findings mimicked those in patients with acute encephalopathy, with cytokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid demonstrating a marked increase of inflammatory cytokines. From a review of the literature, fulminating Hib meningitis may be classified into two disease types: DIC plus multiple organ failure and acute brain swelling types. The present case belongs to the latter type, in which cytokine storm seems to play an important pathogenic role.
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PMID:[Fulminating meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae with rapid progression of severe brain edema similar to acute encephalopathy]. 1992 44

HELLP is a syndrome with haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and thrombocytopenia. It occurs in 1 to 6 per 1,000 parturient. Approximately 10% of the cases occur post partum. A 16-year-old woman delivered twins in the 34th gestational week. During the following hours, she developed symptoms of hypovolaemic shock. Blood sample values were critical and the patient was diagnosed with HELLP with DIC. She developed liver shock with encephalopathy and acute renal failure. Her condition stabilized on the 8th day of admission and the woman was extubated on the 16th day. She was discharged without complications on the 22 th day.
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PMID:[Sixteen-year-old woman with multiorgan dysfunction after HELLP]. 2019 53

Children with acute encephalopathy (AEP) or acute encephalitis(AE) show variable findings in the clinical manifestations and on the neuroimaging. Patients with AE present variable symptoms: disturbance of consciousness, seizure, ataxia, dystonia, abnormal behavior, apnea, and others. This variability depends on the location of lesions including basal ganglia, brain stem, cerebellum, or cerebral gray/white matter. In AEP, MRI findings can be categorized into (1) severe brain edema, (2) acute necrotizing encephalopathy, (3) cortical necrosis that appears 4-5 days after the onset, and (4) others. Serum AST elevates in approximately 50% of AEP patients, and among them around 60% develops DIC. The high AST group includes Reye syndrome(RS), mimic RS and AEP with shock syndrome.
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PMID:[Clinical variability in viral infection related acute encephalitis or encephalopathy]. 2140 Aug 54

A 16-year-old male was admitted to our hospital because of fever, altered consciousness and subsequent tonic convulsions of upper and lower extremities. A head CT scan revealed evidence of diffuse brain edema. Novel influenza H1N1 viral RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal specimens by specific PCR examination. Oseltamivir, steroid pulse and intravenous immunoglobulin were administered without any effect. On day 3 after admission, the patient died of complications of DIC and multiple organ failure. Autopsy revealed neuropathological changes of the central nervous system, including congestion and marked edema of the brain. However, inflammatory cell infiltration in the meninges or brain parenchyma was not observed. Extensive disruption of astrocytic projections (clasmatodendrosis), which is indicative of acute encephalopathy, was detected by anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining of brain tissue. This is the first autopsy case report of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus-associated encephalopathy. The clinical course, laboratory profiles and pathological findings were similar to those of conventional seasonal influenza encephalopathy in children that are reported previously.
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PMID:[An autopsy case of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus-associated encephalopathy]. 2284 89

"Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)" is now used to designate any hemolytic anemia related to RBC fragmentation, occurring in association with small vessel disease. In DIC, RBC fragmentation is thought to result from the deposition of fibrin or platelets within the microvasculature. The term "thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)" is also used to describe syndromes characterized by MAHA, thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic lesions in small blood vessels. The most prominent diagnoses associated with TMA are thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Many different disorders, including preeclampsia, infections, adverse drug reactions, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies, can cause TMA (i.e., secondary TMA). Recently, because the pathogeneses of TTP and HUS have been elucidated, great progress has been made in diagnosis and treatments. However, the pathogenesis of secondary TMA remains unclear. Clinical problems awaiting solution in TMA management include determination of the positioning of rituximab in the treatment sequence of primary TTP, management of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli-HUS complicated by encephalopathy, confirmation of the efficacy and long-term safety of eculizumab in the treatment of atypical HUS, and elucidating the pathogenesis of secondary TMA as well as improving the efficacy of treatment.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]. 2625 Nov 42


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