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Query: UMLS:C0085584 (encephalopathy)
 18,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hydrogen clearance method was used to measure local and total cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the rhesus monkey before and for five hours after a simulated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). CBF remained stable after SAH unless SAH was associated with a fall in cerebral perfusion pressure. In addition, cerebrovascular resistance did not increase after SAH. These results suggest that vasoactive agents in fresh whole blood, and the arterial spasm they produce when added to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), play only a limited role in the pathogenesis of ischemic encephalopathy that follows an SAH.
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PMID:The effect of a simulated subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebral blood flow in the monkey. 0 Aug 20

In 59 patients with respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) the relationship between the state of consciousness, the blood gases and blood ammonia were studied. Interindividually, a significant correlation was found between the encephalopathy and SaO2, PaCO2 or ammonia, and also between the blood gases and ammonia. On the other hand, an intraindividual study, performed on patients with minor cerebral dysfunction, showed that only PaCO2 was significantly correlated with the stage of consciousness. Ammonia did not appear to have a neurotoxic influence. The ammonia level seemed to be influenced primarily by other factors than the blood gases, although there was a borderline influence of SaO2 on aterial ammonia and a significant influence of PaCO2-HCO3 and pH on venous ammonia.
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PMID:Respiratory failure: correlation between encephalopathy, blood gases and blood ammonia. 0 6

Mannosidosis is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-mannosidase and widespread storage of complex carbohydrate, which is enriched in mannose. Two affected unrelated males, aged 6 and 26 years, are reported. Both had a nonprogressive encephalopathy with moderately severe mental retardation. The older patient showed several unique features, including massive gingival hyperplasia associated with histiocytes containing large amounts of a material with the staining characteristics of glycoprotein. The best determinant of mannose storage proved to be the ratio of mannose to other carbohydrates in urinary polysaccharides. The enzyme deficiency in this disease is most convincingly demonstrated at pH values below 4.0. The ability of zinc to activate the mutant enzyme in vitro offers a possible mode of therapy for this disease. Retarded individuals with a Hurler-like appearance and gum hyperplasia of unknown cause should be screened for alpha-mannosidase deficiency.
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PMID:Mannosidosis. New clinical presentation, enzyme studied, and carbohydrate analysis. 1 32

The effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine on the cerebral vascular permeability in the mouse was studied by a radio-isotope method (131I-labelled HSA). Intravenous injection of 4 x 1010 heat-killed pertussis organisms caused a measurable increase in permeability in normal mice. Cryoinjury to the cerebral hemispheres resulted in a striking increase in vascular permeability at 24 h. This declined within 48 h and stabilized at a level fractionally higher than normal at 7 days ("healed lesion"). When pertussis organisms were injected into mice bearing ("healed lesion"). When pertussis organisms were injected into mice bearing "healed lesions" the increase in permeability was similar in magnitude to that in uninjured brain. The effect was increased by a second administration of pertussis 24 h after the first. The action of pertussis on a newly inflicted cryoinjury was protective. It is suggested that permeability changes in the cerebral vessels may be involved in the evolution of the encephalopathy attributed to the use of Bordetella pertussis vaccine in man.
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PMID:The effects of Bordetella pertussis vaccine on cerebral vascular permeability. 1 80

Plasma levels of different amino acids were observed in 10 patients with severe hepatitis, 9 viral in origin and 1 toxic, over the course of the disease. There would appear to be a close relationship between the onset of encephalopathy and the appearance of a particular pattern in plasma amino acid equilibrium, characterised by a significant fall in the molar ratio existing between ramified amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine) and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine). The role of these disturbances in the physiopathology of the encephalopathy and their effects on the synthesis of normal neurotransmitters and the intracerebral accumulation of false neurotransmitters is discussed.
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PMID:[Variation of plasma amino acids in severe hepatitis with encephalopathy 10 cases]. 1 44

16 cases of neurological disease and/or death shortly after pertussis immunization are reported. Eight patients had convulsions, six with ensuing permanent defects. Severe polymyositis was observed in one case. Five infants died 12 h to 4 days after vaccination: two after acute encephalopathy and three in the form of a sudden unexpected death (SID). In two fatal cases the morphological changes in the brain corresponded to those of pertussis encephalopathy: neuronal degeneration in various parts of the cortex, especially in the region of the ammons horn, and in the cerebellum. There were no signs of inflammation. Three cases underwent forensic autopsy and death was attributed to bronchopulmonary infection. Complete neuropathological work-up was only done in one case, in which the brain was normal. The critique of episodical reports and the demand for prospective studies is appreciated. Knowledge of all possible forms of complications, however, is indispensable for future investigations. Polymyositis and SID have so far not been listed as abnormal reactions to immunization. The majority of our cases became known accidentally from hospital sheets or from discussions with collegues. For a detection of all possible cases a greater awareness of doctors for the problem of pertussis immunization appears necessary. Only another 23 cases have been reported to the health authorities of the state of Lower Saxony during the last 6 to 7 years. Of those, nine were either harmless reactions or diseases probably unrelated to vaccination. Two were cases of SID, 12 and 72 h after vaccination. It is concluded that only a minor proportion of possible complications is presently reported to the health authorities.
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PMID:[Complications of pertussis immunization (author transl)]. 1 70

We have attempted to trace the development of the concept which stresses that the encephalopathy often seen with hepatic failure may be the result of derangement in amino acid metabolism in patients with failing livers. We have also proposed that the infusion of solutions which may normalize these plasma amino acids and decrease the amount of toxic aromatic amino acids within the circulation may help in the amelioration of the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. We believe that in our studies to date, the use of this solution has been a significant advantage in the care of these extremely ill patients. We would hope that when the solution becomes generally available, the provision of such solutions to such patients will result in the salvage of some lives lost at the present time because of hepatic failure and encephalopathy.
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PMID:[Amino acid disturbances in liver failure]. 2 95

Parenteral realimentation in the patient with severely impaired nutrition is sometimes associated with the development of a metabolic encephalopathy with coma. The onset of this complication is sudden. The coma is deep, accompanied by signs of neuromuscular hyperexcitability and very marked hyperventilation. It generally regresses rapidly, without sequellae. The onset of such a realimentation coma should be feared in the presence of a certain combination of conditions : severely impaired nutrition, parenteral alimentation with a high level of nitrogen and calories, transfer to the anabolic phase (perfect carbohydrate utilisation, fall in blood phosphate levels with hypophosphaturia, sometimes very marked positivisation of nitrogen balance) and, sometimes, mild premonitory clinical signs. The relationship between this type of complication and hypophosphoraemia is quite definite, but the fall in serum phosphates would not appear to be directly responsible for the coma. The exact mechanism is not known. In order to avoid such complications, great caution should be observed in both the quality as well as the quantity of the intake, as well as in the clinical and laboratory surveillance of the malnourished patient undergoing realimentation.
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PMID:[Comas of realimentation]. 2 97

Patients with chronic renal disease had low plasma total tryptophan but an abnormally high proportion of this was in the free state. The subjects with encephalopathy had raised plasma free tryptophan, CSF tryptophan, and CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. CSF tryptophan correlated better with plasma free than with plasma total tryptophan. Plasma and CSF tyrosine concentrations were normal but CSF homovanillic acid was raised especially in subjects with encephalopathy. The possible significance of these changes in advanced renal disease is discussed.
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PMID:Cerebral transmitter precursors and metabolites in advanced renal disease. 2 80

Portal systemic encephalopathy is a serious complication of cirrhosis. It can be prevented if the patient avoids the contributing factors--ingestion of alcohol, inappropriate diet, infection, stress, hepatotoxic agents--and if other complications are treated promptly.
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PMID:Preventing portal systemic encephalopathy in the patient with cirrhosis. 3 72


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