Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085584 (encephalopathy)
 18,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 25 (33.8%) of 74 chronically haemodialysed patients a distinct osteopathy with bone pain, spontaneous fractures, arthralgias and weakness of the muscles due to dialysis was present. In comparison to a group without complaints the duration of the dialysis was longer by 6 months, the mineral contents of the bones was decreased in 38%, in the comparative group in 22%. A progressive demineralisation was found in 46%, in the comparative group in 20%. Hypercalcaemias under vitamin D2 caused a therapy resistance. In 1 exemplary case (type IIc, PTH 0.3 micrograms/l) in the 3rd year of dialysis a fracture of the neck of the femur took place and an endoprosthesis was implanted. There was a progressive demineralisation of about 16%. The suspicion of a typical combination with an encephalopathy due to dialysis did not confirm itself. A pseudocyst in the brain was found. The differential diagnosis to the hypercalcaemia-induced psychosis in the osteopathy due to dialysis is discussed. In a prophylactic application dihydrotachysterine proved favourable for avoidance of an osteopathy due to dialysis. Parallel to the clinical progressing of the osteopathy due to dialysis a progressive demineralisation could be demonstrated at the peripheral mineral contents of the bones. Extreme losses of minerals appeared from the 4th to the 59th month of dialysis from - 16% to - 37% and from the 22nd to the 87th month from plus 11% to minus 14% of the age-and-sex-specific normal values. Successful transplantations led to the stagnation of the progressive demineralisation, unsucessful transplantations increase them. The influence of the non-refined water for the production of dialysate by possible aluminium intoxications on the development of the osteopathy due to dialysis is discussed.
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PMID:[Dialysis osteopathy with spontaneous fractures, progressive demineralization and therapy resistance]. 635 38

This paper gives an overview of the clinical importance of SPECT and PET imaging of the dopaminergic system in the differential diagnosis and for the determination of the progression rate of Parkinson's disease (PD). D2 receptor imaging can help to differentiate multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from PD. In patients treated with neuroleptics it is possible to determine the rate of striatal D2 receptor blockade using this technique. This occupancy rate parallels the occurrence of parkinsonian side effects. Its measurement helps in the selection of newer atypical neuroleptics, which can be used to treat drug-induced psychosis in PD because they do not aggravate parkinsonian symptoms. Imaging of dopaminergic neurons with [123I]beta-CIT SPECT or [18F]DOPA PET is a way to visualize and quantify the nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion in PD. Findings correlate with clinical rating scales and demonstrate the feasibility of detecting the preclinical lesion in patients with hemiparkinson or familial PD. [123I]beta-CIT SPECT can easily distinguish patients with essential tremor and patients with "lower body parkinsonism" due to a subcortical vascular encephalopathy. MSA and PSP cannot be separated from PD with this method alone. Longitudinal studies with [123I]beta-CIT SPECT and [18F]DOPA PET can quantify the progression rate in PD. SPECT results from our own group show a low rate of progression in patients with a long duration of disease and a more marked progression rate in patients with shorter disease duration. In the former group regions in the striatum with higher beta-CIT binding at the time of the first SPECT scan decline faster than regions with lower binding. These findings suggest a curvilinear course of progression which starts at different time points in different striatal regions and which levels off after several years of disease duration. These findings are in line with data from PET studies and underline the importance of an early start of neuroprotective strategies. Preliminary data from PET and SPECT studies in early PD suggest that dopamine agonists might have a slight neuroprotective effect and might slow down the rate of progression of the disease.
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PMID:SPECT and PET imaging of the dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease. 1119 11

Mental disturbances have been described in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Of these, the common conditions are delirium and psychosis. Delirium has been attributed to change of environment, especially hospital stay and infections; while psychosis is due to drugs like dopamine agonists. This is a case of a 75-year-old male, on levodopa therapy for PD, who presented with delirium and ended up with a cocktail diagnosis: Cryptococcal meningitis, Hashimoto's Encephalopathy (HE), Urinary tract infection with acute renal failure, Uremic encephalopathy and Levodopa induced psychosis. This case report, therefore, highlights the need to look for other causes of delirium in a patient with PD who is on levodopa therapy.
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PMID:Delirium in Parkinson's Disease: A Cocktail Diagnosis. 2820 16