Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085584 (encephalopathy)
 18,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between 1 November 1993 and 31 October 1996, admissions to paediatric departments for Bordetella pertussis complications were reported to a nationwide, hospital-based active surveillance system. The case definition included pertussis complicated by pneumonia, apnoea requiring assisted ventilation, seizures, encephalopathy or a combination of these. Two hundred sixteen cases of pertussis complications were registered. 57.4% of them were in infants, 50.9% of them less than 6 months old. There were five deaths, three previously healthy children died. At the time of hospital admission, 106 cases would have been eligible for at least three doses of pertussis vaccine, only four (3.8%) had received the recommended number of immunisations. From the second quarter of 1995, the reported number of cases declined. The decrease coincides with an improvement of pertussis vaccination coverage between 1992 and 1995 due to an increased use of acellular vaccines. The reduction of complicated pertussis was observed even in age-groups too young for the recommended vaccinations. The observed decrease could be due to the increase in vaccination coverage with interruption of the chain of transmission to the younger age-groups, to a cyclic decrease in pertussis cases, or to a combination of both. Continued surveillance will provide information on the epidemiological trend of hospitalisations for pertussis complications in the first European country to have introduced vaccination with acellular vaccines on a large scale.
Infection
PMID:Pertussis complications in Germany--3 years of hospital-based surveillance during the introduction of acellular vaccines. 971 80

Previous investigations showed that Schistosoma mansoni infection aggravates protein malabsorption in undernourished mice and this can be reverted by administration of casein hydrolysate. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ingestion of casein hydrolysate for long periods. Albino Swiss mice were divided into eight groups. Diets contained 5% (undernourished) or 20% (controls) casein levels. For each group there were sub-groups ingesting whole or hydrolysed casein for 12 weeks. Infection with S. mansoni developed in half of the animals under each diet. All undernourished mice developed malabsorption. Low albuminemia was detected in infected animals independently of the protein level in the diet. However, albuminemia was lower in infected controls than in undernourished non-infected mice, suggesting a deficient liver protein synthesis. Infected mice fed on a 20% protein hydrolysed diet exhibited low weight gain and high mortality rates. On the other hand, non-infected mice ingesting the same diet had the highest body weights. We are investigating the hypothesis that infected mice, even when fed normal diets, are unable to metabolise large amounts of amino acids due to the liver lesions related to schistosomiasis and as a result die of hepatic coma. In some of them, the excessive accumulation of ammonia in the blood enhances the outcome of an encephalopathy.
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PMID:A long-term intake of a protein hydrolysate seems to increase the risk of encephalopathy in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. 992 50

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological particularity of pediatrics nosocomial HIV infection. Our study group consists of 167 HIV serum-positive nonmaternally infected children who died of AIDS in 1990-1997 (inclusive) in Colentina Hospital of Infections Diseases--Bucharest. Fifty per cent of institutionalized children and 28% of family children died in the first two years of life. About 80% of children were revealed too late as HIV infected. It has been observed a relatively high prevalence values for: multiple or recurrent pneumonia--74.8%, recurrent or chronic diarrhea--87.4%, encephalopathy--65.8%, weight-growth deficiency--100%, disseminated or extrapulmonary tuberculosis--13.8%, HBsAg carriage--59.8%; and low prevalence values for: lymphoid interstitial pneumonia--16.5%, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia--11.4%, cytomegalovirus diseases--1.8%, cryptosporidiosis--1.8%. The evolution of HIV infection (weight-growth deficiency and encephalopathy) were aggravated in hospitalised children (especially, in the first two years of life). Nutrition and hygiene care factors positively influence the evolution of HIV infection. Multiple or recurrent pneumonia are out of an important prognostic value in the appreciation of SIDA evolution. The incidence and severity of tuberculosis increased at older children. The too late diagnostic of HIV infection had unfavourable influence upon the life expectancy of children.
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PMID:[The clinico-epidemiological aspects of HIV infection in 167 children nonmaternally infected who have died with a diagnosis of AIDS]. 993 2

Infection of microglial cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is supposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related central nervous system (CNS) complications. So far, however, experimental data about interactions between HIV and ramified microglia from the adult CNS were only occasionally reported, making it difficult to understand the exact nature of pathogenic events contributing to HIV-encephalopathy. Therefore, we used the animal model of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of domestic cats to establish an experimental system which is suitable for studying the relationships between an immunodeficiency virus and the mature ramified microglia of the central nervous system. By means of density gradient centrifugation approximately 95% pure microglial cells could be isolated from adult feline brain that were characterized by their CD45(low) phenotype. Resident microglia extracted from the CNS of experimentally infected cats harbored FIV-specific DNA and cocultivation with mitogen-activated, but uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) resulted in recovery of high-titered infectious virus. Double labeling of brain cell monocultures explanted from persistently infected animals for both microglia and FIV markers disclosed less than 1% of viral antigen expressing microglial cells. This suggests that during the subclinical phase of the infection only a small number of brain-resident macrophages are productively infected. However, interaction of FIV-infected microglia and inflammatory lymphocytes may promote viral replication, thus supporting viral spread in brain tissue.
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PMID:In vivo infection of ramified microglia from adult cat central nervous system by feline immunodeficiency virus. 1070 50

In a cross-sectional, non-randomized, prospective study in an outpatient clinic a possible relationship between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the potent vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) and prevalence and degree of HIV-encephalopathy was studied. Forty-eight CSF samples from HIV-infected patients undergoing lumbar punction for diagnostic reasons were investigated for ET-1 concentrations. In 37 patients ET-1 was also measured in plasma. Patients were investigated clinically and staged with respect to HIV encephalopathy. Patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes or acute opportunistic infections were excluded from the study. In the remaining, 18 of the CSF samples were from patients with normal neurological findings (grade 0-0.5), whereas 30 were from patients with HIV encephalopathy (grade 1-3). The mean CSF ET-1 concentration was significantly elevated (P = 0.001) in patients with HIV encephalopathy (1.97 +/- 2.33 pmol/l) as compared to those patients without encephalopathy (0.57 +/- 0.67 pmol/l). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between ET-1 CSF concentrations and the degree of HIV encephalopathy (r = 0.49, P < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant correlation between ET-1 levels in the CSF and the IgG serum to CSF ratio. However, we found no correlation between HIV encephalopathy and neither CSF total protein, IgG, albumin or the serum to CSF ratio of IgG or albumin. In conclusion, we could demonstrate a close relationship between CSF ET-1 concentrations and the degree of HIV encephalopathy. Thus, by virtue of its long-lasting and potent vasoconstrictor activity ET-1 might contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV encephalopathy.
Infection 1999
PMID:Endothelin-1 is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients with encephalopathy. 1088 34

A 54-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with frequent convulsions. Subsequently she developed a toxic look, rigidity, confusion and severe encephalopathy. Salmonella typhii was isolated from the blood cultures and she was diagnosed with Salmonella encephalopathy. The prominent electrophysiological finding was the frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) in electroencephalograph (EEG). After treatment EEG revealed normal activity. The presence of FIRDA is not a specific finding but this kind of EEG change has not been reported before. Diffuse encephalopathy due to endotoxins might be the reason. We propose that S. typhii encephalopathy was the cause of FIRDA which is a sign of diffuse encephalopathy.
Infection
PMID:Salmonella encephalopathy with seizure and frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity. 1133 72

During an epidemiological survey of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in diseased sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a nodavirus isolate was recovered from net pen-reared sea bream Sparus aurata harboured in the same farming premises. After the virus was isolated and identified by immunofluorescence on SSN-1 cells, sequence analysis with a PCR product from the T4 region of the capsid protein gene indicated that the virus shared 100% identity with a pathogenic virus strain isolated from sea bass. Infection trials demonstrated the pathogenicity of the sea bream virus isolate for juvenile sea bass whereas sea bream infected with the same virus isolate remained asymptomatic even following intramuscular injection of virus. Nevertheless, the sea bream appeared to be a potential carrier of nodavirus, as juvenile sea bass became infected when maintained in a tank containing experimentally contaminated sea bream.
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PMID:Sea bream Sparus aurata, an asymptomatic contagious fish host for nodavirus. 1179 13

Salmonella meningitis is an unusual complication of Salmonella sepsis and occurs almost exclusively in infants and young children. One case of Salmonella meningitis and two cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis in adult patients with Salmonella bacteremia were studied and the literature was reviewed. On a retrospective review of the charts of 100 sequential patients with Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi-positive blood cultures, we found one patient with fulminant Salmonella meningitis and two others with CSF pleocytosis. All three patients survived. The patient with Salmonella meningitis had significant residual neurologic sequela. Salmonella encephalopathy occurred in six other patients who presented with headache and were confused or drowsy. Cases of meningitis in adults do occur and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Newer cephalosporn antibiotics may be the therapy of choice in these infections.
Infection 2002 Apr
PMID:Salmonella meningitis: report of three cases in adults and literature review. 1201 67

The aim of this study was to present neurological complications of influenza infections. Infections caused by influenza viruses can be very serious and may lead even to death resulted from the post-infectious complications. The most often occurring complications are pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, myocarditis and otitis media. The other group is neurological post-influenza complications, including dementia, epileptic disorders, cerebrovascular disease, febrile convulsions, toxic encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhages, lethargic encephalitis, psychosis or increase in the number of cases of Parkinson's disease. The first way of prevention of influenza is vaccination that results in healthy, social and economic benefits.
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PMID:[Neurological complication of influenza infections]. 1219 26

Infection of the nervous system by HIV-1 commonly causes a broad range of cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities called, in its most severe form, HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). HAD is a metabolic encephalopathy caused by productive viral infection of brain mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) (perivascular and parenchymal brain macrophages and microglia) and sustained by paracrine-amplified, inflammatory, neurotoxic responses. MP neurotoxins are, in large measure, homeostatic secretory products that can have a negative effect on neuronal cell function when produced in abundance. Proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, platelet-activating factor, arachidonic acid and its metabolites, nitric oxide, quinolinic acid, progeny virions, and viral structural and regulatory proteins are all included as part of these cellular and viral toxic elements. In addition, neuronal damage can occur directly by engaging specific receptors or through inducing widespread inflammatory activities in brain tissue that ultimately induce neuronal demise. The mechanisms for immune-and viral-mediated neural injury in HAD are made more striking by the effects of abused drugs on cognitive function. Ultimately, linkages between neuronal function and disordered MP immunity will provide insights into how HIV-1 infection of the brain leads to compromised mental function as well as providing clues into the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative disorders.
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PMID:HIV-1-associated dementia: a metabolic encephalopathy perpetrated by virus-infected and immune-competent mononuclear phagocytes. 1239 82


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