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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Observations relating to hypertension in humans and rat experiments have been reviewed from several viewpoints including clinical medicine, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and genetics. It seems likely that much of essential hypertension results from excessive salt intake by individuals with an inherited inability to excrete sodium efficiently which is compensated by blood pressure elevation. A few major genes are likely responsible for a few basic mechanisms involving renal membranes and hormones controlling sodium transport. Excess hypertension in blacks, diabetics, the elderly, and oral contraceptive users can be explained by this theory. If hypertension and other genetically predisposed CHD risk factors are to be fully understood, future studies are needed with detailed data on both genetic and environmental factors, and analytic tools that allow an adequate examination of their interactions.
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PMID:Salt, hypertension, and genetic-environmental interactions. 39 27

The authors report about the long-term response (one and three years) of blood pressure and heart frequency under rest and load (50 W) in patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, essential hypertension and after aortocoronary venous-bypass operation (ACVB) (n = 65) under regular visits (twice a week) to the Finnish sauna. In comparison, 68 hypertensive patients who took a regular kinesiotherapy (running and swimming) were studied. Besides the parameters of heart circulation mentioned above, peripheric microcirculation (M. tibialis anterior) by means of xenon-133 muscle clearance and central hemodynamics by means of LVEF (single probe with In 113) were studied in CHD-patients. Cardiac output at rest and under 50 W load was recorded in hypertensive patients. It was shown that regular balneotherapy had a positive effect on regulation of blood pressure and hemodynamics in patients with hypertension or CHD with hypertension, as had kinesiotherapy in hypertensive patients.
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PMID:[Potential use of the sauna in the long-term treatment of hypertensive cardiovascular circulation disorders--a comparison with kinesiotherapy]. 141 Sep 79

A risk factor is a characteristic which is associated with a greater than average probability of developing coronary disease. Raised serum cholesterol and hypertension are two such factors. Intervention studies conducted to confirm the risk factor hypothesis have shown that reduction of serum cholesterol and essential hypertension may be associated with a small decreased CHD incidence, however there were almost as many deaths due to coronary disease in the intervention groups as in the control groups. These findings suggest that our approach to risk factor intervention may be a misguided attempt which needs modification. It is possible that the major risk factors develop in an attempt of our body to adapt to environmental factors such as increased intake of salt, saturated fat and cholesterol, physical inactivity, increased intake of calories and obesity and stress. Smoking may be the result of social changes. Since the body has to modify its metabolic mechanism depending upon the factor to which it adapts, development of hyperlipidemia and hypertension may be protective mechanisms of the body which it has developed while fighting against environmental factors. Reduction of major risk factors by drug therapy may mean that we are trying to prevent the body, fighting environmental factors. Thus our approach to control of the major risk factors should be to treat the causative environmental factors or alter the lifestyle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors for coronary heart disease: synthesis of a new hypothesis through adaptation. 149 21

Forty-nine patients, with ages ranging from eighteen to seventy years and with mild to moderate primary hypertension (sitting diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 95 mmgH and less than or equal to 115 mmHg) were randomized into a twenty-one-week, double-blind, prospective study to determine the effects of monotherapy of nifedipine GITS (gastrointestinal therapeutic system) versus atenolol on serum lipids, lipid subfractions, apolipoproteins, (apo), and blood pressure (BP). Nifedipine GITS and atenolol significantly reduced blood pressure, but nifedipine GITS reduced sitting and standing systolic BP significantly more than atenolol (p = .001). Sitting and standing heart rate decreased significantly (p = 0.001) during atenolol therapy but did not change significantly during nifedipine GITS therapy. Atenolol increased weight (mean change + 2.2 lb; p = 0.011), but nifedipine GITS decreased weight (mean change - 2.4 lb; p = 0.07). Nifedipine GITS had a more favorable effect on the lipid profile. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL2 subfractions were increased significantly (p = .001) as were apo A1 (p = 0.037) and apo A2 (p = 0.025). Nifedipine GITS increased HDL3 (NS), reduced triglycerides (TG) (NS), and had no significant effect on total cholesterol (TC) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apo B. Atenolol significantly increased serum total cholesterol (p = 0.039) and HDL-C and HDL2 (p = 0.049 and 0.048 respectively). Atenolol increased TG (NS) and apo B (NS) with little change in apo A1 and apo A2. It is concluded that nifedipine GITS had equal or better antihypertensive efficacy than atenolol and had a more favorable effect on the lipid profile. These effects may offer advantages in reducing CHD risk.
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PMID:Effects of nifedipine GITS and atenolol monotherapy on serum lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, and weight in mild to moderate hypertension. 192 8

A study was made of the results of 2-projectional fluorography of the chest in 1290 men aged 40 to 60 (890 outpatients taking prophylactic cardiological check-up and 400 inpatients with CHD or essential hypertension). The detectability of cardiac and aortic pathology by prophylactic fluorography was 5-fold higher than pulmonary pathology. Changes of the heart, aorta and pulmonary hemodynamics in CHD and arterial hypertension were characterized. The results of fluorocardiometry in the groups of examinees with various CHD risk factors were presented.
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PMID:[Wide-screen fluorography in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension]. 259 1

The family at risk has at least one member who has (1) hyperlipidemia; (2) low HDL2-cholesterol; (3) essential hypertension; (4) a family history of premature CHD; or (5) actively smokes. The predictive value of CHD risk factors in adults is well documented and quantified. Familial aggregation, genetic studies, and tracking of blood pressure provide evidence that children born to families with a high prevalence of hypertension or who as adolescents track in the upper part of the blood pressure distribution are themselves at risk for hypertension. Similarly, familial aggregation, tracking, and autopsy studies provide evidence for the relationship of serum lipids to the subsequent development of coronary atherosclerosis. Smoking by parents adversely affects the hearts and lungs of children. In addition, the child with a parent who smokes is more likely to become an active smoker. Preventive strategies are now available to the pediatrician to reduce the risk of premature CHD.
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PMID:The management of the family at high risk for coronary heart disease. 265 86

The results of large epidemiological studies dealing with the prognosis and unfavourable outcome of essential hypertension, clearly show that the pharmacological reduction of the elevated blood pressure of hypertensive patients significantly reduces the risk of at least some major cardiovascular complications. Satisfactory antihypertensive efficacy reflects, nevertheless, merely a minimal requirement for a modern antihypertensive drug. Additional pharmacological properties, which counteract the typical concomitant diseases like CHD, heart failure and other cardiovascular complications would be desirable. In this respect, the oral CE-inhibitors captopril and enalapril offer an exciting new approach to the treatment of arterial hypertension. As the most predictive international studies on prevention of hypertension were conducted before CE-inhibitors were available, the present review evaluates the pharmacological profile of this new class of antihypertensive compounds in the light of previously available baseline drugs, including the calcium channel antagonists. Until now, captopril and enalapril have been the best investigated and documented representatives. Besides new experimental results concerning the molecular mechanism of these drugs, clinical and experimental approaches to verify protective effects on the cardiovascular and the renal system are addressed. These offer a rational basis for the preferential treatment of hypertensive patients with reduced renal function, diabetes and chronic heart failure. In addition, some distinct advantages of enalapril over captopril, resulting mainly from the long-term reduction of high blood pressure, are discussed.
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PMID:[Differential therapeutic topics in antihypertensive therapy. What can angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors accomplish?]. 285 Jun 83

A computer-assisted staged system of a follow-up of factory workers with CHD and diabetes mellitus was developed. It included automated screening by questionnaire, ECG and biochemical screening, physical examination, investigation of the basic carbohydrate-lipid indices, more detailed examination in out- or inpatients settings using up-to-date diagnostic methods (bicycle ergometry, monitoring after Holter, etc.), identification of groups for a follow-up, and therapeutic and sanitary measures. A total of 27750 persons were investigated. The most important group was that including persons with risk factors: vegetovascular dystonia developing into CHD (6%) or essential hypertension (20%). Sanitary measures by unified methods caused a decrease in temporary disability with the economic effect of 197,000 rubles.
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PMID:[Characteristics of the dynamic outpatient observation of workers at an industrial enterprise]. 297 90

The use of various doses of metoprolol (spesicor, Leiras, Finland), a selective beta 1-adrenoblocker, in patients with CHD combined with clinical or instrumentally detectable symptoms of bronchial asthma or stage I-II essential hypertension with angina pectoris of I-II functional classes, has shown that metoprolol cardioselective blockade is a relative phenomenon which has definite correlation with a dose, duration of therapy, and the initial status of the bronchopulmonary system. An antianginal effect was observed in 68.5% of patients, an antihypertensive effect--in 71.3%, side-effects--in 6.4%.
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PMID:[Possibilities and limitations of selective beta 1 adrenergic receptor blockade in clinical practice]. 306 9

Clinical use of the quantitative method of evaluation of myocardial perfusion reserve capacities was analysed in patients with ischaemic heart disease, dilating cardiomyopathy and essential hypertension. Using Tl(201) myocardial scintigraphy, the indicator accumulation in the myocardium was quantitatively evaluated and the interrelationship between the myocardial mass, myocardial perfusion and its reserve capacities in patients with dilative cardiomyopathy was established. It was noted that myocardial perfusion changes in patients with CHD and essential hypertension depend on changes in the cardiac pump function.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of the quantitative evaluation of the accumulation of Tl-201 in the myocardium]. 342 8


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