Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eleven episodes of severe hyponatremia secondary to hiccup-induced potomania were recorded in 3 years in a man who had essential hypertension, a low protein intake and a normal diluting ability. Paradoxical increase in hematocrit and plasma protein with acute extensive natriuresis was associated as well as urine potassium loss and hypokalemia producing paralysis in 1 episode. During a chronic water loading test, the defect in water excretion was related to a low urine solute delivery which was partially reverted by the natriuretic response to plasma volume expansion, promoting water diuresis. In acute water intoxication, this natriuretic response was exaggerated, producing a brisk water diuresis. Plasma volume was rapidly normalized but without any improvement in plasma sodium due to the concomitant negative sodium balance. Thus, water diuresis persisted until plasma volume was significantly contracted. Potassium loss appeared to be related to sodium excretion. Metabolic disturbances have not reoccurred despite persistent hiccup and potomania during 2 years of urea therapy.
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PMID:Salt wastage, plasma volume contraction and hypokalemic paralysis in self-induced water intoxication. 836 83

The study describes the changes in basic hemodynamic parameters after long-term antihypertensive therapy with cilazapril--a new ACE inhibitor lacking a sulfhydryl group--in hypertensive patients and the drug effects on renal function, glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism. 30 patients (18 males, 12 females, mean age: 53.3 +/- 18 years) with mild to moderate essential hypertension were studied. The following determinations were performed in patients, before and after 4.5 months of cilazapril monotherapy at a dose of 5 mg/24 h: (a) antihypertensive action of the drug (arterial pressure at rest and during a 24-hour recording); drug effects on left ventricular (LV) mass index; its contractility indexes (%FS, EF) and the left atrial emptying index were studied by means of echocardiography; (b) plasma insulin concentration during oral glucose tolerance tests, in the fasting state, after the administration of 75 g glucose per os, as well as the changes in the insulinogenic index and the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 ratio, and (c) drug effect on renal function (urea, creatinine, uric acid, plasma electrolytes), blood lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-CH) and serum transaminases. Long-term drug administration exhibits an effective antihypertensive action, without causing reflex tachycardia and also reduces the LV mass index without affecting its EF, while improving its diastolic function. It does not significantly affect the various biochemical parameters, and achieves glucose regulation, both in the fasting state and after glucose loading, with a decrease in the insulinogenic index, and simultaneously increases the 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TXB2 ratio. The existence of a direct cause-effect relationship between the changes in the above hormone systems is possible.
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PMID:Hemodynamic and biochemical changes after chronic administration of cilazapril to hypertensive patients. 840 51

Investigations in genetic forms of experimental hypertensions revealed certain haemodynamic, metabolic and humoral abnormalities in experimental animals already during the prehypertensive period. With regard to the obvious ratio of hereditary factors in the pathogenesis of human essential hypertension (EH), the objective of the present study was to test whether also in healthy normotensive subjects with a positive family history of EH some metabolic and humoral deviations can be detected, as compared with offspring from normotensive families. The authors compared therefore selected biochemical and humoral parameters in 20 sons of hypertensive parents (SH) with the findings in 20 sons from normotensive pa families (SN). SH had, as compared with SN, a significantly higher systolic BP (119 +/- 2.59 > 111.0 +/- +/- 2.04 mmHg). The trend of higher basal blood sugar levels 5.03 +/- 0.15 > 4.70 +/- 0.41 mmol/l) and the higher concentration of immunoreactive insulin (81.4 +/- 9.54 > 70.4 +/- after a glucose load +/- 7.78 microU/l) did not reach statistical significance. In SH plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine were significantly higher as well as the atrial natriuretic factor (11.7 +/- 0.77 > 8.4 +/- 0.40 fmol/ml) and of endothelin (18.2 +/- 1.70 > 12.7 +/- 0.87 fmol/ml). A load of 75 g glucose raised, as expected, the blood sugar level, IRI and C-peptide, but reduced unexpectedly the endothelin concentration in both groups. As to other biochemical parameters (fibrinogen, sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-fractions, triacylglycerols), no significant differences were found between SH and SN. The finding of a raised mass of the left ventricle and certain differences in the diastolic and systolic left ventricular function are discussed in another paper. The results indicate that in young men with a positive family-history of EH already certain haemodynamic, metabolic and humoral deviations exist before clinical manifestation of hypertension which could contribute to later development of EH and its organ complications.
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PMID:[Metabolic and humoral characteristics of normotensive offspring in a family with a history of essential hypertension]. 851 40

A high prevalence of hypercalciuria has been reported in patients with essential hypertension. Nevertheless, the clinical and therapeutic implications of this finding have scarcely been studied. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of hypercalciuria in an unselected population with essential hypertension and to analyze the relationship between the urinary calcium and the clinical and therapeutic status of these patients. This article presents a prospective study of 112 patients with essential hypertension and 49 healthy normotensive control subjects. Urinary excretion rates of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium, urinary calcium/creatinine index, the fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and uric acid, the creatinine clearance and serum values of creatinine, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, total proteins, parathormone (intact molecule), plasma renin activity, aldosterone, glucose, and insulin (fasting and after an oral glucose load) were performed in every patient and control subject. Untreated hypertensive patients had a higher prevalence of hypercalciuria (35% had a urinary calcium/creatinine ratio > 0.20 versus 20% of treated hypertensives and 2% of control subjects; P < 0.001). Patients on thiazide or beta-blocker monotherapy had lower urinary excretion rates of calcium and urate than patients on calcium-antagonist monotherapy or untreated patients. Urinary calcium, sodium, and urate correlated positively both in treated and untreated essential hypertension patients. Patients with the higher urinary calcium levels also had higher excretion rates of sodium and urate, higher creatinine clearance rates, and lower serum creatinine and serum uric acid levels. It was concluded that hypercalciuria is a frequent finding of untreated essential hypertension. The association of high urinary calcium levels with high urinary urate excretion rates in the same patient may predispose to development of lithiasis in patients with essential hypertension. Antihypertensive drugs have a variable effect on calciuria-uricosuria, which may constitute an additional criterion in the selection and individualization of therapy. Thiazides and beta-blockers can decrease calciuria and uricosuria and, therefore, the lithogenic risk in these patients.
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PMID:Urinary calcium excretion in treated and untreated essential hypertension. 882 22

Hypertension may to be both, cause and the results of the renal dysfunction. The N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) is a lysosomal enzyme of renal proximal tubular cells. An elevation of the enzyme activity in urine was observed in kidney diseases and also in hypertension. The aim of our study was the evaluation of the influence of the 6-months-lasting enalapril therapy on function of renal tubules and glomeruli in patients with essential hypertension. This study included 30 patients with essential hypertension (I-II grade according to WHO criteria), divided into two groups according to the initial NAG activity in urine: I-with normal NAG activity, II-with elevated NAG activity. Enalapril administered in doses 2.5-10 mg per day. The urine NAG activity, the urine and serum creatinine concentrations, the urea serum concentration and the creatinine clearance were determined after 2, 4, 8 weeks, 3 and 6 months of enalapril therapy. Simultaneously, the blood pressure and the heart rate were measured and the resting ECG was registered. In the course of the 6-months enalapril therapy of hypertension, NAG activity in urine in the group II was declined to normal values, the creatinine concentration in the urine increased in groups I and II, and the blood pressure was significantly reduced. The results of our study imply that the monitoring of the NAG activity in urine during the enalapril therapy of hypertension, may to be a indicator of protective action of the drug on the kidney and its antihypertensive efficacy.
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PMID:[Monitoring kidney function in patients with essential hypertension treated with enalapril]. 923 47

Sixty two samples of amniotic fluid were submitted to biochemical investigation including 31 samples from women with pregnancy complicated by hypertension (studied group with mean blood pressure 165 +/- 15/95 +/- 5 mmHg) and 31 samples deriving from healthy pregnant women (control group with mean blood pressure 118 +/- 10/74 +/- +/- 9 mmHg). In the studied group pregnancy induced hypertension, primary hypertension and nephrogenic hypertension scored 58%, 32% and 10% of cases respectively. Both investigated and control groups consisted of pregnant women with the same gestational age of 37 +/- 2 weeks (34-40 weeks). The following parameters of amniotic fluid were measured: 1) total protein, 2) albumin, 3) beta-lipoprotein, 4) cholesterol, 5) uric acid, 6) urea, 7) creatinine. Micromethods were used. Amniotic fluid deriving from women with pregnancy complicated by hypertension showed decreased concentrations of total protein, albumin and beta-lipoprotein. In pregnancy complicated by hypertension kidneys of the fetuses were estimated to be as mature as in the normal pregnancy within the same gestational age.
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PMID:[Evaluation of fetal condition in pregnancy complicated by hypertension--biochemical assessment of amniotic fluid. I. Protein and lipid components and kidney maturation]. 928 51

Arotinolol hydrochloride with alpha-and beta-receptor blocking action, developed in Japan, is mainly used for the treatment of hypertension. The study population consisted of 42 outpatients with essential hypertension with a blood pressure greater or equal to 160/96 mmHg. 10 men and 32 women, with a mean age of 77.5 year. The patients received 10 mg arotinolol hydrochloride daily for 24 weeks which was taken orally twice a day. We evaluated the changes of blood pressure, heart rate and chief complaints of patients before and every 4 weeks during treatment and the renal function before, 12 weeks after and 24 weeks after, the administration of arotinolol hydrochloride. Blood pressure and heart rate decreased significantly after 4 weeks of treatment with arotinolol hydrochloride (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found in blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum albumin, beta2-microglobuline, NAG or creatinine clearance during the 24 weeks of treatment. These results indicate that arotinolol hydrochloride has antihypertensive effects without renal dysfunction in elderly patients with essential hypertension.
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PMID:[Clinical effect of arotinolol hydrochloride and its influence on renal function in elderly patients with essential hypertension]. 1055 61

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an n-3 unsaturated fatty acid derived from fish oils. The precise mechanisms of DHA actions are still obscure. Especially, the antihypertensive effect of DHA has not yet been elucidated. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) provide the best available model for essential hypertension and stroke. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of long term administration of DHA on blood pressure and stroke-related behavior in SHRSP. The blood pressure of DHA-treated SHRSP was lowered significantly as compared with that of non-treated SHRSP. DHA produced an ameliorative effect on the decreased passive avoidance response in SHRSP. DHA also improved the behavioral changes in spontaneous motor activity of SHRSP. DHA-treated SHRSP produced a significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, lipid peroxide, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen as compared with those in non-treated SHRSP. These findings indicate that the DHA-induced antihypertensive action may be associated with the amelioration of both serum lipid alteration and renal dysfunction in non-treated SHRSP. Moreover, DHA-treated SHRSP maintain the normal levels of acetylcholine and choline concentrations in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These findings demonstrated that DHA produced an ameliorative effect on cholinergic nerve dysfunction in SHRSP. The improved cholinergic nerve function induced by DHA might have an inhibitory effect on stroke-related behavior in SHRSP. The present study suggests that long term administration of DHA may suppress the development of hypertension and stroke-related behavioral changes in SHRSP.
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PMID:[Antihypertensive effect of docosahexaenoic acid in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats]. 1092 Jul 15

The present study was carried out to investigate whether the renal resistive index (RRI), obtained by ultrasonic duplex scanning, is useful for the evaluation of renal arteriosclerosis in essential hypertensive patients. We also studied the relationships between RRI and other kinds of hypertensive target-organ damage, including carotid atherosclerosis. One hundred and two patients (56.4+/-9.4 years) with untreated mild or moderate essential hypertension were examined. The normal range of RRI was determined for 12 normal age-matched volunteers (55.0+/-6.6 years). Hypertensive organ damage was evaluated by funduscopy, electrocardiograms, and carotid B-mode imaging. Based on the mean and distribution of RRI in normal volunteers (0.60+/-0.05), the normal upper limit of RRI was found to be 0.7. RRI was correlated with creatinine clearance (CCr) (r=-0.61, p<0.05), and blood urea nitrogen (r=0.46, p<0.05), but not with serum creatinine. In addition, the incidence of abnormal RRI (>0.7) was higher in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and in those with advanced carotid atherosclerosis (p<0.01, respectively). Thus, RRI appears to be more strongly associated with CCr than with serum creatinine, and it increases in patients with hypertensive end-organ damage. The assessment of RRI may be useful for the evaluation of early renal damage in essential hypertension.
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PMID:Clinical usefulness of duplex ultrasonography for the assessment of renal arteriosclerosis in essential hypertensive patients. 1121 24

Adducin is a membrane skeletal protein that is involved in the regulation of membrane ion transport and cellular signal transduction. Essential hypertension has been linked to alpha-adducin gene locus, and association of a polymorphism of the gene has been found in some studies, but results of linkage or association studies on alpha-adducin gene are controversial among different populations. This study was designed to examine the linkage between alpha-adducin gene locus and essential hypertension and to reveal the relationship between an alpha-adducin gene polymorphism (Gly460Trp) and essential hypertension in a Chinese population. For the linkage study, one hundred and six Chinese nuclear families were recruited, including 417 hypertensive patients in all 474 individuals. Those samples were genotyped at D4S412 and D4S3038. The distances between the two microsatellite markers and the alpha-adducin gene locus are less than 3cM. Parametric, non-parametric linkage (NPL) analyses using the GENEHUNTER software were carried out. Sib transmission-dise- quilibrium test (S-TDT), as well as transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT). was also implemented with TDT/S-TDT Program 1.1. Serum levels of uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), fasting glucose and lipids were determined as phenotypes. In an association study, 138 hypertensive and 121 normotensive subjects were genotyped at Gly460Trp of the alpha-adducin gene to examine a possible association between this polymorphism and blood pressure or other phenotypes. We fail to find the linkage between the two markers and essential hypertension by parametric, NPL analysis or TDT/S-TDT study. With the use of the simple association and the multivariate logistic regression analyses, we also fail to reveal a significant association between the Gly460Trp polymorphism in alpha-adducin gene and the blood pressure variation, or blood biochemical indices studied. The frequency of the 460Trp allele in Chinese (46-48%) is similar to that found in Japanese (54-60%) while the allele frequency is less common in Caucasian (13%-23%). These findings suggest that in our Chinese population, alpha-adducin 460Trp variant may not play an important role in the etiology of EH. And the negative results of linkage and TDT/ S-TDT further supports this conclusion.
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PMID:alpha-Adducin gene and essential hypertension in China. 1171 Jul 59


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