Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A method for measuring blood serum glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activity is described, informative at early stages of myocardial infarction. The method is sensitive and available for clinical biochemistry laboratories. It consists in preliminary purification of GP from serum proteins and metabolites by affinity chromatography in micro-columns and subsequent measurement of the activity in the eluate. The procedure involves selective GP sorption on starch, washing, and subsequent desorption with glycogen solution. GP activity is measured by the kinetic spectrophotometric technique, based on enzymic measurement of glucose-1-phosphate, the product of glycogen consumption reaction, at a wavelength of 340 nm. Conditions of serum GP chromatographic purification are modified in the suggested procedure, this improving the sensitivity of the enzyme measurement. Blood serum GP activities were measured in patients with various cardiac diseases--myocardial infarction (15 cases), angina of rest and effort (53), essential hypertension (30). Different methods of GP activity measurements are considered. Recommendations on the use of the described method, a sensitive test for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, are given.
 ...
PMID:[The determination of the glycogen phosphorylase activity in blood serum]. 171 85

Six double-blind studies were designed to assess the efficacy, tolerance, and safety of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Of 1,189 hypertensive patients in these studies, 105 patients were diabetic. They were randomly assigned either to a ramipril monotherapy group (1.25-10 mg/day) or to one of the following treatment groups: ramipril (5 mg/day) plus piretanide (3 mg/day), captopril (100 mg/day), enalapril (10-20 mg/day), hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/day), or atenolol (100 mg/day). In all studies, a 4-week single-blind placebo run-in phase was followed by a 6-week double-blind active treatment phase. Significant reductions in blood pressure were achieved with all antihypertensive agents. No statistically significant deleterious effects were observed on concentrations of blood glucose, although diabetics who received hydrochlorothiazide showed slight increases in blood glucose levels. Ramipril was well tolerated by diabetic patients, and no serious adverse events occurred. Adverse events reported were typical of ACE inhibitors.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of the efficacy, tolerance, and safety of ramipril in diabetic patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension: a retrospective analysis. 172 32

Essential hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are both associated with hyperinsulinemia and it has been proposed that this might contribute to increased atherogenesis in these conditions. In hypertension, hyperinsulinemia probably reflects reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but the reason for this, and the contribution of hyperinsulinemia (or of resistance to insulin) to the development of hypertension and atheroma, remains unclear. As well as glucose uptake, insulin has important effects on other aspects of cell function; for example, the hormone is an important regulator of the expression and function of the major inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein Gi. In insulin deficiency, Gi levels and function are greatly reduced and are restored by insulin treatment. We have examined whether in human hypertension or in animal models of hypertension there is evidence of abnormal regulation of this protein. Platelet membranes from humans and rat membranes from a range of tissues, including myocardium and vasculature, were studied. No alteration in Gi levels or function was found in these studies, and there is no evidence that this aspect of insulin action on cell function is abnormal. Insulin is also involved in the regulation of cell growth, and in vascular smooth muscle cells there is evidence that this effect involves action of other growth factors, such as PDGF. If the growth regulatory actions of insulin are also unimpaired despite limitation of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, chronic hyperinsulinemia could lead to increased vascular smooth muscle cell growth and contribute to development of atheroma.
 ...
PMID:Hypertension, insulin, and atherogenesis. 172 42

Several studies report that essential hypertension is associated with hyperinsulinemia. This condition may depend on enhanced pancreatic insulin secretion and/or a decreased MCR of the circulating hormone. Twenty-five nonobese glucose-normotolerant patients with primary hypertension were divided into 5 groups, each consisting of 5 subjects. Each group was submitted to continuous 120-min double infusion of different doses of insulin (group I, 0.025; II, 0.05; III, 0.1; IV, 0.2; V, 0.4 U/kg.h) and glucose (I, 2; II, 3.5; III, 6; IV, 8; V, 10 mg/kg.min). The same procedures were applied to 25 healthy normotensive volunteers. Basal and steady state plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were significantly (P less than 0.05 or less) higher in hypertensive patients than in control subjects of all groups. The MCR of insulin (milliliters per kg/min) at all insulin-glucose infusion rates was significantly (P less than 0.05 or less) lower in hypertensive than normotensive subjects. Despite the significantly higher steady state plasma insulin levels in hypertensives, the MCR of glucose (milliliters per kg/min) was significantly (P less than 0.05 or less) lower in hypertensive than normotensive subjects. These results suggest that an altered insulin removal may contribute to the hyperinsulinemia found in the essential hypertensive subjects. In addition, a defect in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake which persists at supraphysiological insulin concentrations is confirmed in this population.
 ...
PMID:Decreased insulin clearance as a feature of essential hypertension. 172 14

Essential hypertension is closely related to conditions with impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia. To evaluate a possible interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and carbohydrate ingestion on the circulatory responses to psychosocial stress, we compared the hemodynamic effects of an oral glucose challenge with those observed after placebo in 10 glucose-tolerant, normotensive young men at rest and during standardized mental stress. After glucose, resting cardiac output increased by 20% (p less than 0.05), which was mainly due to an increased heart rate (+14%; p less than 0.001). Since total peripheral resistance decreased by 13% (p less than 0.02), mean arterial pressure was unaffected by glucose. In spite of this, glucose loading was associated with a slight increase in systolic blood pressure and a gradual decrease of diastolic blood pressure. Resting forearm blood flow was unaffected by glucose. The stress response after placebo was characterized by the expected increase in cardiac output and mean arterial pressure, and an unchanged total peripheral resistance. By contrast, in the postprandial state the pressor response to stress was solely dependent on an increased systemic vascular resistance, and cardiac output was unaffected by stress. After glucose, the stress-induced muscular vasodilation in the forearm was reduced to 40% of that observed after placebo (p less than 0.01). Thus, acute carbohydrate administration has significant hemodynamic effects in humans. Furthermore, during the postprandial period there is a marked alteration of the pattern of the circulatory responses to psychosocial stress, characterized by attenuated muscular vasodilation and a rise in systemic vascular resistance.
 ...
PMID:Effects of acute carbohydrate administration on central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to mental stress. 174 60

The nature of the association between essential hypertension and insulin resistance remains unknown. We measured plasma glucose and insulin levels after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), as well as insulin sensitivity (using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp), glucose turnover (Rd; using [6,6-2H2]- and [3-3H]glucose isotopic dilution), and forearm net balance of glucose (using arterial-venous difference) in 22 hypertensive patients with high (H2) red blood cell (RBC) sodium-lithium countertransport (Na(+)-Li+ CT; greater than 0.41 mmol.l RBC-1.h-1), 21 hypertensive patients with normal (H1) Na(+)-Li+ CT, and 22 normotensive controls (C). After OGTT, H2 patients had higher plasma glucose and insulin levels than H1 and C. During euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (approximately 100 microU/ml) Rd was lower in H2 [21.7 +/- 1.4 (SE) mumol.kg-1.min-1] than in H1 (44.3 +/- 2.9; P less than 0.01) and C (48.1 +/- 3.0; P less than 0.01), and an inverse correlation was found between rates of Na(+)-Li+ CT and Rd in H1 and H2 (rs = -0.76; P less than 0.01). Forearm glucose uptake was 40-50% lower in H2 compared with H1 and C (P less than 0.01). Lactate concentration increased more in C (from 511 +/- 24 to 1,207 +/- 69 microM) and in H1 (from 564 +/- 40 to 1,122 +/- 99) than in H2 (from 581 +/- 42 to 950 +/- 102, P less than 0.05 vs. both). Forearm blood flow increased more in C (31%, P less than 0.05) and H1 (22%, P less than 0.05) than in H2 (12%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Insulin resistance is associated with high sodium-lithium countertransport in essential hypertension. 176 28

Late diabetic effects are the sequelae of for a long time super elevated blood sugar levels. The diabetic nephropathy is the cause of the secondary arterial hypertension. The investigation seeks for the connections between the diabetes mellitus and the essential, that is primary hypertension. The two diseases frequently appear and clearly increase in the second half of life. Moreover, they are above average frequently associated with each other. Among brothers and sisters of diabetic hypertensives in comparison to normal cohorts clearly increased high blood pressure prevalences were found. The insulin resistance which could be proved in a great number of hypertensive and which has been known since more than two decades might be the connecting link between hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Like the obesity the essential hypertension can be associated with all degrees of an insulin hyposensitiveness. The sodium-retaining effect of the insulin might explain the increased sodium content of the body in hypertensives. The differential diagnostics of the essential hypertension should therefore seek for conditions of an insulin resistance. The type II diabetic lacks a release of bradykinin during muscle work. Thus the glucose uptake into the cell is unfavourable influenced and demands an increased insulin excretion. This genetically (?) fixed defect is found also in essential hypertensives. It could be the connecting link between the two diseases. ACE-inhibitors have via a kininase II inhibition an effect also on the bradykinin decomposition and can favourable influence the glucose uptake into the muscle. An improved insulin effect among the ACE-inhibitors was described. Therefore, they should be preferred in the treatment of hypertensive diabetics.
 ...
PMID:[Diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. In search of the connecting link]. 177 26

The paper is devoted to a study of the time course of lipid metabolism, analysis of glucose tolerance, change in indices of immunoreactive insulin, glucagon and C-peptide before the start of verapamil therapy and 6 mos. after it during monotherapy with this drug. These parameters were investigated in the blood serum using biochemical methods and radioimmunoassays. A marked antihypertensive effect was achieved in patients suffering from noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus with concomitant essential hypertension of the 2nd degree. No negative effect on the pancreatic hormone secretion was noted. Lipid transport indices were improved.
 ...
PMID:[Use of finoptin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with concomitant essential hypertension]. 178 2

Obesity, essential hypertension, and diabetes mellitus share certain metabolic disturbances. The predictive value of disordered glucose metabolism and insulin action for hypertension are discussed. Several studies have examined the relationship between hypertension and glucose metabolism in diverse populations, and tend to indicate a predictive role for insulin and glucose metabolism disturbances in the development of hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance as biochemical predictors of hypertension. 178 48

A possible link between hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure was studied in non-obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance. First, the responses in plasma glucose and serum insulin to an oral glucose load (75-g oral glucose tolerance test) were compared between 42 patients with essential hypertension and 93 normotensive control subjects. Second, of the 93 normotensive subjects, the relations of serum insulin levels to blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations were assessed in 8 hyperinsulinemic (serum insulin level [during fasting, or after glucose loading, or both] greater than 2 S.D. higher than the mean) and 8 pair-matched normoinsulinemic subjects (serum insulin level within 1 S.D. of the mean), individually matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses to the glucose load in hypertensive subjects were identical to the respective responses in normotensive subjects, while the mean total serum cholesterol level was slightly higher (p less than 0.05) in hypertensive subjects. The respective values for systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and total serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were comparable in hyperinsulinemic and normoinsulinemic subjects. These results did not suggest a close association between hyperinsulinemia and elevated blood pressure in non-obese middle-aged Japanese subjects with normal glucose tolerance.
 ...
PMID:Hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure in non-obese middle-aged subjects with normal glucose tolerance. 180 10


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>