Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Insulin action starts with binding to a membrane receptor (insulin receptor-tyrosine kinase) and with activating an insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and substrate 2 (IRS-2). Insulin receptors interact at least with three cascade reactions, phosphorylating G proteins and IRS-1, that activate PLC "ras" and PI-3-K. NIDDM can be defined as a disease caused by defective transduction of insulin signals and IR as a complex phenotype manifesting itself, emphasized by individual and environmental factors, in the cellular systems of signal transduction. IRS is a syndrome characterized by NIDDM, hypertension, visceral obesity, CHD: the X syndrome. Up to day the described mutations of the insulin-receptor gene are rare (e.g. the leprechaunism): genetic IR. Obesity is the principal cause of IR by receptorial and post-receptorial defects: metabolic IR. The obese skeletal muscle shows a reduction of insulin receptor and IRS-1 phosphorylation and of PI-3-K activation; the scarce expression of these proteins would determine the muscular IR. IR is a pattern of essential hypertension. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and abnormality of glucose metabolism are linked by IR. The so called high erythrocyte Na(+)-Li+ counter-transport is a new biochemical marker for IR and hypertension. These drugs can reduce IR: metformin, sulphonilureas, fibrats, dexfenfluramine, troglitazone, doxazosin, ACE-inhibitors.
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PMID:[Insulin resistance. Receptor and post-receptor abnormalities]. 984 54

PIH, the most common complication of pregnancy, remains a major source of maternal-child morbidity and mortality. Yet the etiology of this disorder is still little understood. There is now a growing body of evidence linking PIH and insulin resistance. Both proteinuric and non-proteinuric PIH predict future essential hypertension, and to a lesser extent, diabetes, disorders strongly related to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. PIH is associated with diabetes, occurring in up to 50% of diabetic pregnancies. PIH is characterized by the same features that define IRS, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, disruption of endothelial and platelet function and related disturbances of prostanoid synthesis, coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities, hyperuricemia, atherosclerotic changes, and obesity. During the last decade, controlled studies by at least 11 different research groups in nine countries have established significant positive associations between both proteinuric and nonproteinuric PIH and various measures of insulin resistance. In particular, prospective investigations by at least five groups of investigators have indicated that relative hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin insensitivity predict the subsequent development of PIH. These and other studies suggest that insulin resistance may play a causal role in the pathogenesis of PIH, and that some aspects of PIH may represent an early manifestation of IRS, precipitated by the profound metabolic and hemostatic challenges of gestation.
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PMID:Pregnancy-induced hypertension and insulin resistance: evidence for a connection. 1020 92