Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. In hypertension, the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker-withdrawal syndrome comprises tachycardia, sweating, tremor and general malaise, symptoms resembling thyrotoxicosis. 2. The effect of abrupt cessation of propranolol on serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) was therefore investigated in five patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension, treated with propranolol in doses from 160 to 480 mg/day. 3. Four of the five patients developed one or more of the above-mentioned symptoms within 2-6 days after withdrawal of propranolol. 4. A mean relative increase in serum free T3 of 51% (range 22-74%) was found in these four patients on the day of onset of symptoms. 5. The increase in free T3 in the five patients correlated positively with total serum propranolol on the last day the drug was given (r = 0.91, 2P = 0.03). 6. As an increase in T3 was found only in patients suffering the withdrawal syndrome, and was maximal the day the symptoms appeared, despite a variation in time of onset from 2 to 6 days, it is suggested that the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocker-withdrawal syndrome, at least partially, is caused by rebound increased production of T3, induced by the well-known inhibition of the monodeiodination of T4 to T3 during beta-adrenoreceptor blockade. 7. This assumption may explain the clinical symptoms and the reported transient increased beta-adrenoreceptor sensitivity with unchanged serum concentrations of catecholamines.
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PMID:The pathogenesis of propranolol-withdrawal syndrome in essential hypertension. 54 Apr 62

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of a new calcium antagonist, clentiazem, on inpatients or outpatients with essential hypertension. After blood pressure was stable and greater than 160/95 mmHg with placebo for at least a 2-week observation period, oral clentiazem was administered once daily and dosage was increased stepwise from 10 to 40 mg over 10 weeks. Blood pressure significantly decreased by the second week of the study, and this hypotensive effect was maintained until the eighth week. Cumulative effective rate (percent of patients whose blood pressure decreased in 20/10 mmHg) in 62 outpatients were as follows; 10.3% at 10 mg, 39.6% at 20 mg, 70.2% at 30 mg, 76.6% at 40 mg. There was no significant postural change observed in the blood pressure from supine to standing position. Side effects such as dizziness, general malaise and gait disturbances were observed in 3 (3.9%) of 76 patients. No abnormal changes in clinical laboratory examinations or electrocardiograms were caused by clentiazem. Thus these data demonstrated that clentiazem produces certain antihypertensive effects with sufficient safety.
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PMID:Efficacy and safety of clentiazem in patients with essential hypertension: results of an early pilot test. 201 30

The dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nitrendipine offers a pathophysiologically based antihypertensive treatment with a potent dilation of resistance vessels, increased arterial compliance, and an acute natriuretic/diuretic response. Prolonged nitrendipine treatment in essential hypertension is not associated with stimulation of the sympathetic nervous and the renin-angiotensin systems or accumulation of sodium and water. The antihypertensive effectiveness is similar to that of diuretics and beta-blockers, and the responsiveness appears to be greater in elderly and black patients. During long-term (approximately 1 year) nitrendipine treatment in mild to moderate hypertension, the blood pressure reduction is well sustained in "short-term" nitrendipine responders. In patients with severe hypertension, nitrendipine has a potent antihypertensive effect in combination with beta-blockers and/or diuretics. In mild-moderate hypertension, a single daily dose (10-40 mg) may be sufficient, whereas two daily doses (20-80 mg/day) seem necessary in severe hypertension. Common side effects are headache, flush, and palpitations (approximately 20-30%), but these are generally mild and transient. Dizziness and malaise occur in approximately 5%, often later during treatment. Peripheral edema in 5-20% of the patients is generally mild but persistent. Nitrendipine has no adverse effects on glucose and lipid metabolism or on plasma levels of electrolytes and urate. The ultimate aim of antihypertensive treatment is to prevent cardiovascular complications. As for other calcium antagonists, no study on primary prevention of cardiovascular complications in hypertension has been published. With regard to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy accompanying essential hypertension, conflicting results have been found with nitrendipine.
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PMID:Review of long-term trials with nitrendipine. 246 50

In an eight-week, multicenter open-label study of enalapril monotherapy for mild-to-moderate essential hypertension, data for 115 of the 276 participants between the ages of 55 and 75 years (whites, n = 90; blacks, n = 25) were analyzed. These data were compared with similar data for the study subset of 92 younger patients between the ages of 21 and 45 years (whites, n = 58; blacks, n = 34). The most striking finding was the overall lack of significant differences in response between older and younger patients. There were, however, significant differences in response to therapy between the two racial groups studied. In the older group, normotension was achieved in 66% of white patients and 60% of black patients with a single daily dose of enalapril ranging from 5 to 40 mg; the group means, 13 +/- 1 mg in whites vs 22 +/- 2 mg in blacks, differed significantly (P less than 0.05). Thirty-one percent of older white patients attained normotension with a daily dosage of 5 mg, whereas only 4% of black patients in this age group did so. Only 4% of the older white patients but 24% of the older black patients reached the highest recommended daily dosage of 40 mg of enalapril. Adverse reactions occurred in 11% of the older white patients and 16% of the older black patients (a nonsignificant difference), consisting mostly of gastrointestinal discomfort, malaise, dizziness, and pruritus. There were no significant biochemical abnormalities, the only consistent change being a slight increase in mean plasma potassium from 4.34 to 4.45 mEq/L in older whites (P less than 0.05). Enalapril appeared to be generally effective and well tolerated in the management of mild-to-moderate hypertension in the older subset of patients in this study. Efficacy and tolerability data for older and younger patients were comparable.
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PMID:Efficacy and tolerability of enalapril monotherapy in mild-to-moderate hypertension in older patients compared to younger patients. 283 Sep 74

In order to evaluate the usefulness of urapidil in the treatment of severe hypertension and in the long-term treatment of essential hypertension, two open multicentre studies were performed. In one study, 34 outpatients with diastolic blood pressure exceeding 105 mmHg following treatment with a combination of a diuretic and a sympatholytic or a diuretic and a beta-blocker were additionally given 15-60 mg urapidil twice a day for 8 weeks or more. The responder rate was 73.5%. The pulse rate did not change throughout. Side effects such as dizziness and malaise were observed in five patients (14.7%), but they were slight and did not require withdrawal of treatment. The other study included 95 outpatients with essential hypertension (World Health Organization stages I or II), 15-60 mg urapidil twice a day for 1 year or more in monotherapy (n = 48) or in combined therapy with a thiazide (n = 47). Under both therapies, diastolic blood pressure was reduced significantly at week 4, further reduced at week 12 and remained stable until week 52. Responder rates were 82.9% in monotherapy and 78.4% in combined therapy. Two patients (4.2%) taking monotherapy and six patients (12.8%) taking combined therapy were withdrawn due to inadequate blood pressure control or to side effects. These results indicate that urapidil is useful in severe and in long-term hypertension.
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PMID:Urapidil in patients with severe hypertension and in long-term treatment. 290 99

One thousand four hundred and two patients with essential hypertension were treated by their general practitioners for 3 months with one tablet daily consisting of 200 mg acebutolol plus 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide: 813 were newly diagnosed and 589 were known hypertensives already on treatment. There was no 'wash-out' period before the latter changed to the study treatment. Newly diagnosed hypertensives had an average initial mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 129.9 mm Hg which fell on average by 18.2% during the study: 79% of patients had good results with final MAP levels less than 113 mm Hg (equivalent to e.g., 160/90 mm Hg), and a further 7% also had good results in that MAP fell more than 15%, another 12.5% had moderate results (falls of 5% to 15%): and only 1.5% had poor results (fell less than 5%). Known hypertensives had an average MAP of 127 mm Hg on previous treatment, which fell on average by 15.4% during this study: 70% of patients had good results with final MAP levels less than 113 mm Hg and a further 7% also had good results in that MAP fell more than 15%: 18% had moderate results and 3% poor results. Pulse rate fell by 12.5% in newly diagnosed and 10% in known treated hypertensives. If allowance is made for withdrawals due to side-effects and to the need for more than one tablet of Secadrex daily, then over all 75.7% had a good blood pressure response to study medication, 13.7% a moderate response and 10.7% a poor response. Adverse effects caused the withdrawal of 4% of newly diagnosed and 5% of treated hypertensives, predominantly nausea/vomiting, lassitude/fatigue and malaise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Treatment of essential hypertension with beta-blocker plus diuretic: a study of 1402 patients treated by general practitioners with acebutolol 200 mg combined with hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg ('Secadrex') once daily for 3 months. 637 43

Carvedilol competitively blocks beta 1, beta 2 and alpha 1 receptors. The drug lacks sympathomimetic activity and has vasodilating properties that are exerted primarily through alpha 1-blockade. Animal models indicate that carvedilol confers protection against myocardial necrosis, arrhythmia and cell damage caused by oxidising free radicals, and the drug has no adverse effects on plasma lipid profiles. Recent data have confirmed the antihypertensive efficacy of carvedilol in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Carvedilol has similar efficacy to other beta-blocking agents, calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors and hydrochlorothiazide. Carvedilol also improves exercise tolerance and ischaemic symptoms in patients with stable angina pectoris. Significant reductions in serious cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction and in frequency and severity of ischaemic events in patients with unstable angina have also been demonstrated. Interest in the use of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) has culminated in the publication of a cumulative analysis of data from 1094 patients with mild to severe CHF who participated in the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Program (4 trials). After a median follow-up of 6.5 months, a significant overall reduction in mortality relative to placebo (3.2 vs 7.8%) was revealed in patients who had received carvedilol 6.25 to 50 mg twice daily (plus diuretics and ACE inhibitors). All-cause mortality, risk of hospitalisation for cardiovascular reasons and hospitalisation costs were also reduced significantly (by 65, 28% and 62%, respectively) in these trials. In addition, the Australia and New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group showed a 26% reduction in the combined risk of death or hospitalisation with carvedilol 12.5 to 50 mg/day relative to placebo after a mean 19-month follow-up period in 415 patients with CHF (relative risk 0.74). Adverse events with carvedilol appear to be less frequent than with other beta-blocking agents, are dosage-related and are usually seen early in therapy. Events most commonly reported are related to the vasodilating (postural hypotension, dizziness and headaches) and the beta-blocking (dyspnoea, bronchospasm, bradycardia, malaise and asthenia) properties of the drug. Carvedilol appears to date to have little effect on the incidence of worsening heart failure. Concomitant administration of carvedilol with some medications requires monitoring. Carvedilol is therefore likely to have a beneficial role in the management of controlled CHF, but further clinical studies are required to show the place of beta-adrenoceptor blocking therapy in general in this indication, and the position of carvedilol relative to other similar agents. Carvedilol is also confirmed as effective in the management of mild to moderate hypertension and ischaemic heart disease.
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PMID:Carvedilol. A reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disorders. 921 Oct 87

Aim of this study was to evaluate possible relationship between parameters of blood pressure (BP) profile and glomerular filtration rate in patients (pts) with I-II stage essential hypertension (EH). Material and methods. We studied 120 pts (97 men), aged 23-65 (50,2+/-0,6) years with I (n=98) and II (n=22) stage EH. In BP profile (SL-90207) we calculated 24-hour, daytime, nighttime values of systolic, diastolic, pulse pressures (SBP, DBP, PP), time load (TL), variability and nocturnal fall (NF) of BP. The state of renal function was assessed by measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated by the Cockcroft formula. Results. After nonlinear statistical analysis by Gauss-Newton all patients were divided into three groups according to GFR tertiles. Significant differences were found between these groups by 24-hour, nighttime and daytime values of SBP and DBP. Values of SBP were the lowest in group II. In group II lowest values of PP were also observed, but statistically significant differences were found only in nocturnal PP values between groups II and III. There were no significant differences between groups by TL and NF of BP. In group Ill (high GFR) variability of daytime values of SBP and DBF were significantly higher. Univariate correlation analysis showed statistically significant negative relationship between GFR and nocturnal PP in patients with lowest level of GFR. Positive correlations between nocturnal values of PP and GFR in groups II and III were also observed. Conclusion. These results indicated the presence of strong relationship between high values of nocturnal PP and decreasing of glomerular filtration rate in patients with EH and thus confirmed significance of "constant" and "dynamic" components of pressure load as a marker of impairment of renal function.
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PMID:[Indices of static and dynamic components of pressure load (assessed by 24-hour blood pressure monitoring) and the state of renal function in patients with essential hypertension]. 2162 18

Aliskiren (Rasilez), a direct renin inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of essential hypertension. A postmarketing prescription-event monitoring (PEM) study was conducted in England to monitor the safety and utilization of aliskiren. Summary statistics and event incidence densities were calculated. The cohort consisted of 6385 individuals with a median age of 68 years (interquartile range, 59-76). Aliskiren was largely prescribed for its licensed indication of hypertension (93.3%) and was reported as "effective" by the prescriber in 77.4% of individuals. Frequently reported clinical events during treatment were diarrhea (3.1% of on-treatment events), malaise/lassitude (3.0%), and nausea/vomiting (1.2%), which were also common reasons for treatment cessation. Renal events were rare, with 24 cases probably or possibly related to aliskiren use, and four of which were classified as acute renal failure using RIFLE (Risk Injury Failure Loss End-Stage Kidney Disease) criteria. These results should be used in conjunction with other clinical and pharmacoepidemiologic studies to optimize the safe prescribing of aliskiren.
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PMID:Utilisation and Tolerability of Aliskiren in the Primary Care Setting in England. 2725 57

BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) has a high mortality rate, even when treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention. Right-sided endocarditis is in itself rare, with some studies reporting an incidence of 5-10%. The majority of these cases involve the tricuspid valve, and isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis (PVE) is an extremely rare entity affecting less than 2% of patients with infective endocarditis. Identification and early management are crucial to prevent long-term complications and reduce mortality. CASE REPORT We present a patient with a history of essential hypertension and no underlying valvular disease, who underwent dental cleaning and subsequently developed low-grade fever, myalgia, and malaise. This occurred during the flu season, and was initially diagnosed and treated as flu, without any improvement. The patient was later found to be bacteremic with S. mitis, with no identifiable source, and a normal transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). He was later hospitalized, had a transesophageal echocardiogram, and was found to have a large pulmonic valve vegetation. CONCLUSIONS This case presents an interesting and rare finding of endocarditis, isolated to the pulmonic valve, in an otherwise healthy individual with no predisposing risk factors. The lack of peripheral stigmata, as well as an unremarkable initial outpatient TTE, made the diagnosis more difficult. It should also be noted that current guidelines do not specifically address right-sided endocarditis, and do not specify the role of surgical intervention.
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PMID:Isolated Pulmonic Valve Endocarditis. 3071 35


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