Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

30 subjects of old and middle age (28 male, 2 female) with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and 20 normal subjects with matchable age and body weight (14 male, 6 female) as control were studied with nocturnal polysomnography for at least 7 hours. Right arm blood pressure was determined in supine position before and after sleep. Meantime, three 8-hour urine specimens, two collected while awake and one during sleep were examined for urinary levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) with fluorometric method. All OSAS subjects (mean apnea index 42.9) had significant arterial oxygen desaturation (mean 63.9%). 12/30 OSAS subjects had definit history of essential hypertension. They described that hypertension appeared months or years after the onset of sleep disorders. Before sleep the blood pressure in OSAS subjects was higher than that in controls (mean 133/90 mmHg versus 118/77 mmHg P < 0.001). After 7 hours of sleep with apnea events, the blood pressure rose to 149/100 mmHg (P < 0.001). whereas in the controls there was no change of statistic significance (mean 115/77 mmHg). A diurnal rhythm in free catecholamines excretion was apparent for both NE and E (P < 0.05) in the controls, while in OSAS there was no normal diurnal rhythm. 24-hour values of NE were remarkably higher than those in controls. It is known that up to 40% of OSAS subjects is in the population of essential hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and essential hypertension: diurnal variation of urinary catecholamines]. 130 54

The presence of periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) was assessed in 91 subjects diagnosed with essential hypertension. More than 18 per cent of the sample had PLMS, which is considerably higher than in normal controls. Also, the prevalence was significantly correlated with the severity of hypertension, as well as with age. Periodic leg movements in sleep were more frequent in the first few hours of the sleep period and during sleep stages 1 and 2. The arousing effect of PLMS was minimal, with only 17 per cent of all events related to an EEG arousal. Our results suggest that PLMS are common in people with essential hypertension, although they do not seem to be associated with any particular sleep disorder.
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PMID:Periodic leg movements in sleep in essential hypertension. 922 72

There is now strong evidence from animal studies and, in humans, from epidemiological studies as well as from retrospective and prospective intervention studies, that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can cause persistent hypertension not only during sleep but during waking hours as well. There is also some evidence that habitual snoring alone, even without OSA, can do the same. Many of the hitherto unexplained epidemiological, clinical, biochemical, hematological, and physiological abnormalities seen in essential hypertension (EH) could be explained by the accompanying sleep related breathing disorders (SRBD). Many cases of resistant hypertension are probably due to SRBD. Recent studies show that SRBD are extremely common in EH but that the vast majority of patients with these sleep disorders are being missed by physicians who are treating the accompanying hypertension, even when the patients already have blatant symptoms of OSA. Recent investigations have shown that the probable reason for this underdiagnosis of OSA is lack of physician knowledge about the condition. This lack of knowledge is prevalent not only among family physicians, but among hypertension specialists and researchers in the field of hypertension as well. OSA is a common, easily diagnosed, and eminently treatable condition that is associated not only with disturbed sleep, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness (which greatly increases the risk of traffic accidents), but also with hypertension, especially resistant hypertension, a broad range of cardiovascular problems, decreased sexual functioning, memory deficits, difficulty concentrating, and changes in personality and mood. It deserves much more attention by physicians treating hypertension than it is currently getting.
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PMID:Sleep related breathing disorders are common contributing factors to the production of essential hypertension but are neglected, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. 944 66

Autogenic training (AT) is a self-relaxation procedure by which a psychophysiological determined relaxation response is elicited. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of AT. Seventy-three controlled outcome studies were found (published 1952-99). Sixty studies (35 randomized controlled trials [RCT]) qualified for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Medium-to-large effect sizes (ES) occurred for pre-post comparisons of disease-specific AT-effects, with the RCTs showing larger ES. When AT was compared to real control conditions, medium ES were found. Comparisons of AT versus other psychological treatment mostly resulted in no effects or small negative ES. This pattern of results was stable at follow-up. Unspecific AT-effects (i.e., effects on mood, cognitive performance, quality of life, and physiological variables) tended to be even larger than main effects. Separate meta-analyses for different disorders revealed a significant reduction of the heterogeneity of ES. Positive effects (medium range) of AT and of AT versus control in the meta-analysis of at least 3 studies were found for tension headache/migraine, mild-to-moderate essential hypertension, coronary heart disease, asthma bronchiale, somatoform pain disorder (unspecified type), Raynaud's disease, anxiety disorders, mild-to-moderate depression/dysthymia, and functional sleep disorders.
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PMID:Autogenic training: a meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies. 1200 85

The aim of this work was to determine the concentration of total and ionized magnesium in hair and blood of patients with primary hypertension and the influence of oral magnesium supplementation (Slow-Mag B6) on clinical parameters and blood pressure values. 92 patients were recruited from the Family Care Unit, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine in Szczecin. Each patient was treated during at least 6 months preceding the study with a single antihypertensive agent from one of the following groups: ACE inhibitors, beta-receptor inhibitors, Ca channel blockers, diuretics. The control group included patients with hypertension not treated pharmacologically. Changes in ionized magnesium concentration before and after oral magnesium supplementation were studied in relation to total cholesterol, triglycerides, and other parameters of importance in hypertension. Significantly lower total magnesium concentrations were demonstrated in hair of patients receiving ACE inhibitors and diuretics in comparison to controls. Ionized magnesium concentrations in serum of hypertensive patients were significantly reduced as compared with controls. A highly significant increase in these levels was noted after magnesium supplementation. Blood pressure values after magnesium supplementation were reduced in the study group by an average of 15-20 mmHg for systolic and 5-9 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure. Correlations between ionized magnesium and triglyceride concentrations in patients treated with Ca channel blockers before oral Mg supplementation were found. Patients treated with diuretics demonstrated correlations between total magnesium and total cholesterol concentrations. Following oral magnesium supplementation with Slow-Mag B6 at 320 mg/day, the frequency of complaints reported by patients, including irregular heart beat, pricking heart pain, nervousness, sleep disorders, irritability/tearfulness was reduced. There was no effect on other complaints, such as mental and physical fatigue, constipation/diarrhea, and anxiety.
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PMID:[Level of total and ionized magnesium fraction based on biochemical analysis of blood and hair and effect of supplemented magnesium (Slow Mag B6) on selected parameters in hypertension of patients treated with various groups of drugs]. 1460 71

Essential hypertension, insulin resistance, heart failure, congestion, diuretic resistance, and functional renal disease are all characterized by excessive central sympathetic drive. The contribution of the kidney's somatic afferent nerves, as an underlying cause of elevated central sympathetic drive, and the consequences of excessive efferent sympathetic signals to the kidney itself, as well as other organs, identify the renal sympathetic nerves as a uniquely logical therapeutic target for diseases linked by excessive central sympathetic drive. Clinical studies of renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension using an endovascular radiofrequency ablation methodology have exposed the sympathetic link between these conditions. Renal denervation could be expected to simultaneously affect blood pressure, insulin resistance, sleep disorders, congestion in heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome and diuretic resistance. The striking epidemiologic evidence for coexistence of these disorders suggests common causal pathways. Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system has been associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, such as blood pressure elevation, obesity, dyslipidemia, and impaired fasting glucose with hyperinsulinemia. Over 50% of patients with essential hypertension are hyperinsulinemic, regardless of whether they are untreated or in a stable program of treatment. Insulin resistance is related to sympathetic drive via a bidirectional mechanism. In this manuscript, we review the data that suggests that selective impairment of renal somatic afferent and sympathetic efferent nerves in patients with resistant hypertension both reduces markers of central sympathetic drive and favorably impacts diseases linked through central sympathetics-insulin resistance, heart failure, congestion, diuretic resistance, and cardiorenal disorders.
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PMID:Sympatho-renal axis in chronic disease. 2168 96

Prospective memory (PM) is essential in everyday life because it concerns the ability to remember to perform an intended action in the future. This ability could be influenced by poor sleep quality, the role of which, however, is still being debated. To examine the role of sleep quality in PM in depth, we decided to perform a retrospective naturalistic study examining different clinical populations with a primary sleep disorder or comorbid low sleep quality. If sleep is important for PM function, we could expect poor sleep to affect PM performance tasks both directly and indirectly. We examined a total of 3600 nights, recorded using actigraphy in participants belonging to the following groups: primary insomnia (731 nights); narcolepsy type 1 (1069 nights); attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (152 nights in children and 239 in adults); severe obesity (232 nights); essential hypertension (226 nights); menopause (143 nights); healthy controls (808 nights). In a naturalistic activity-based PM task, each participant originally wore an actigraph around the non-dominant wrist and was requested to push the event-marker button at two specific times of day: bedtime (activity 1) and get-up time (activity 2). Each clinical group showed significantly lower sleep quality in comparison to the control group. However, only narcolepsy type 1 patients presented a significantly impaired PM performance at get-up time, remembering to push the event-marker button around half the time compared not only to healthy controls but also to the other clinical groups. Overall, the present results seem to point to sleep quality having no effect on the efficiency of a naturalistic activity-based PM task. Moreover, the data indicated that narcolepsy type 1 patients may show a disease-specific cognitive deficit of PM.
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PMID:Sleep and Prospective Memory: A Retrospective Study in Different Clinical Populations. 3284 72