Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Prolonged low frequency stimulation of the sciatic nerve in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), is reported to induce a naloxone-reversible long-lasting depressor response (Yao et al. 1982a). In the present study this depressor response was compared during daytime and night-time conditions to determine whether different degrees of arousal affect this response. In addition, the effect of sciatic nerve stimulation was examined in one-clip, two-kidney renal hypertensive rats (RHR); a type of secondary hypertension which lacks the central autonomic hyper-reactivity which characterizes the SHR variant of primary hypertension. A maximal fall in blood pressure of 20 mm Hg was observed 1 h after sciatic nerve stimulation in SHR examined in daytime. We also found a significant bradycardia that lasted for 2.5 h. Neither poststimulatory depression nor bradycardia were observed in RHR examined at daytime. A short-lasting, non-significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate was found following sciatic stimulation in SHR examined at night.
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PMID:Long-lasting cardiovascular depression induced by acupuncture-like stimulation of the sciatic nerve in unanaesthetized rats. Effects of arousal and type of hypertension. 372 43

We have investigated the sodium-lithium countertransport system as a screening test for hypertensive disease in children and adolescents using the method of Canessa et al. [New Engl. J. Med. 302: 772-776, 1980]. The sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes was measured in patients, ages 4-18 years, having essential hypertension or secondary hypertension and compared with age-, weight-, sex- and race-matched normotensive controls. Children and adolescents with essential hypertension possessed a significantly higher erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport rate than the normotensive control group (0.39 +/- 0.18, n = 28, vs. 0.22 +/- 0.14 mmol Li/l red cells/h, n = 20, respectively; p less than 0.001). Children with secondary hypertension had intermediate values (0.31 +/- 0.15 mmol Li/l red cells/h; n = 17) which did not differ significantly from values of subjects with essential hypertension or normotensive controls. There was no correlation of counter-transport values with age, sex, or body weight in either hypertensive or normotensive groups. However, white normotensive children had significantly higher countertransport levels compared with black normotensives (0.32 +/- 0.14, n = 10, vs. 0.13 +/- 0.07 mmol Li/l red cells/h, n = 10, respectively; p less than 0.005). Similarly, white children and adolescents with essential hypertension had higher mean countertransport measurements than did black hypertensives (0.42 +/- 0.20, n = 21, vs. 0.27 +/- 0.05 mmol Li/l red cells/h, n = 7, respectively) although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p less than 0.1). Although children and adolescents with essential hypertension had a significant elevation of sodium-lithium countertransport when compared to normotensives, the large degree of overlap of countertransport values in these two groups, as well as the intermediate values of children with secondary hypertension, limits the usefulness of the sodium-lithium countertransport as a screening test for essential hypertension in this population. Taking into account the influence of racial differences on the countertransport assay does not sufficiently improve the discriminatory value of the test to render it clinically useful.
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PMID:Sodium-lithium countertransport in erythrocytes of children and adolescents with hypertension. 375 30

Plasma prolactin level and plasma renin activity were determined in normal subjects and patients with low and normal renin essential hypertension, renal hypertension, renovascular hypertension, primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma and malignant hypertension. In both normal subjects and the normal renin essential hypertensives, plasma prolactin was significantly higher in females than in males. Plasma prolactin was also significantly higher in the normal renin essential hypertensives than in normal subjects of both sexes, while no significant difference was found between the low renin group and normal subjects of either sex. A significantly positive correlation was observed between plasma renin activity and the plasma prolactin level in male essential hypertensives, but not in females. Although no significant difference in plasma prolactin level could be detected between patients with secondary hypertension and normal subjects, this level was significantly higher in malignant hypertensives than in normotensives. From these results, it was shown that significant differences of plasma prolactin levels exist between normal renin essential hypertensives, and low renin essential hypertensives or normal subjects, and that these differences may partly depend on renin status which might be related to the central dopaminergic activity. In malignant hypertensives, the high level of plasma prolactin may be caused by diminished renal function, but the suppression of central dopaminergic activity cannot be excluded in the mechanism of plasma prolactin increment.
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PMID:Plasma prolactin levels in patients with essential hypertension, malignant hypertension and secondary hypertension. 388 34

Pathophysiology, outcome and some therapeutic problems of hypertension were described. Frequency of secondary hypertension and its underlying diseases in a hypertensive population greatly varied by study population. In the adult general population (Hisayama study) it was estimated to be 3.8%. Significance of various tests was evaluated in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Consideration of sodium balance in the evaluation was very necessary. The usefulness of captopril test was emphasized. Blood pressure was tended to decrease in upright posture and ambulation in cases with essential hypertension responding to acute sodium depletion by a significant reduction in blood pressure. In the observation of diurnal rhythm of urinary sodium excretion, the peak phase appeared about 3 hours earlier in essential hypertension than in normal control and 5 to 6 hours later in primary aldosteronism and Cushing syndrome. Sympathoadrenal function was activated in young borderline hypertensives but not in middle-aged ones. Outcome of hypertension accompanying diabetes mellitus was poor. Cardiovascular disease and renal failure occurred much frequently. Significance of hypertension as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease was described based on the data obtained through prospective epidemiological study (Hisayama Study). Hypertension was significantly correlated with stroke but not with myocardial infarction. Serum cholesterol level did not significantly correlate with both stroke and myocardial infarction. Reduction in stroke incidence in recent years was described in relation to the changes in risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiology and outcome of malignant hypertension (KW III-IV) were described in relation to underlying disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pathophysiology and outcome of hypertensive subjects. 389 32

Using photography of the fundus oculi the eyeground of 186 patients with histologically different forms of nephritis, 68 patients with essential hypertension and 10 patients with renovascular hypertension was investigated and evaluated. The fundal lesions were classified according to the grades recommended by WHO. Although in many individual cases the duration of the disease was short and the patients were young, the eyeground changes in renal hypertension were notably severe. Taking as basis comparable pressure rises, marked signs of fundus hypertonicus malignus were particularly frequent in primary and secondary hypertension with focal segmental sclerosis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, whereas in essential hypertension non-malignant fundus hypertonicus predominated. The eyeground findings deteriorated further with impairment of renal function. Owing to the high incidence of severe fundal lesions in renal hypertension the eyeground of these patients should be examined and the hypertension treated accordingly even when the rise in blood pressure is relatively mild (less than 180/100 mm Hg).
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PMID:[Fundus hypertonicus malignus. Increased incidence in renal parenchymal diseases]. 394 2

A solution of verapamil in sequential intravenous infusion was used in patients with severe arterial hypertension who were resistant to various antihypertensive drug regimens. The infusion--25-mg verapamil diluted in 100-ml glucose and slowly injected over 10 minutes--was given daily until a diastolic pressure less than 100 mm Hg was sustained for more than 24 hours. Then patients were maintained on their conventional oral medication alone. This trial involved 11 patients, 10 of whom had primary hypertension and 1 a renovascular type of secondary hypertension. Normal pressure was maintained in all patients with the conventional medication after the verapamil infusions, which varied from 2 to 10; surprisingly, this situation continued from 30 to 120 days and this result was attributed to resetting of the baroreceptors. To confirm this theory, another group of patients underwent baroreceptor testing with angiotensin before and after the use of verapamil; the baroreceptors were functioning at a lower threshold of excitability after verapamil. We conclude that verapamil is capable of resetting the baroreceptors to a lower level, rendering them responsive to increases in blood pressure.
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PMID:Efficacy of verapamil in patients resistant to other antihypertensive therapy. 395 28

The aim of this study was to evaluate together the main hemorheologic parameters and one of the transmembrane ion transport systems in erythrocytes of subjects with normal and elevated blood pressure. Three sex-, age-, and weight-matched groups consisting of 15 normotensive subjects (NT) with no parental hypertension, 15 patients with essential hypertension (EH) at stage 1-II WHO, and eight patients with secondary hypertension (Sec.H), respectively, were studied. Red blood cell Na+-Li+ countertransport (CTT), blood viscosity (eta B) at shear rates of 230 X S-1, 115 X S-1, and 46 S-1 and plasma viscosity (eta P) at shear rate of 46 X S-1 were measured. Plasma proteins and fibrinogen were also evaluated. CTT was higher in EH than in NT (P less than 0.01), while no significant difference was found between NT and Sec. H patients. eta B at 115 X S-1 and 46 X S-1 was higher in EH, but not in Sec. H, than in NT patients (P less than 0.05). No difference in eta P, plasma proteins and fibrinogen levels was observed between EH and NT. Elevated eta B and/or CTT may indicate a structural alteration in the erythrocyte membrane of some essential hypertensive patients. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a widespread membrane disorder is involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension.
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PMID:Erythrocyte Na+-Li+ countertransport and blood viscosity in arterial hypertension. 396 Dec 79

Chromogranin A is the major catecholamine storage vesicle soluble protein costored and coreleased by exocytosis with catecholamines. Immunoreactive chromogranin A circulates in human plasma, where it may reflect changes in exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity. We measured plasma chromogranin A concentration in normotensive control subjects as well as in untreated essential (primary) hypertensive subjects and subjects with several varieties of secondary hypertension. Plasma chromogranin A concentration was higher in subjects with essential hypertension (n = 32) than in normal controls (n = 18; 198 +/- 32 versus 129 +/- 12 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM]; p less than 0.05), and was also elevated in subjects with hypertension secondary to renal parenchymal disease (n = 9; 192 +/- 36 ng/ml; 0.05 less than p less than 0.1) and those with pheochromocytoma (n = 11; 1614 +/- 408 ng/ml; p less than 0.01). In essential hypertensive subjects (n = 5), short-term suppression of sympathetic outflow with oral guanabenz (4 mg) reduced plasma chromogranin A concentration within 30 to 60 minutes, while the blood pressure response was more gradual and was maximal at 3 hours. The results suggest that plasma chromogranin A is, at least in part, under neural control and that there may be an excess of exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity in essential hypertension. These initial studies are now being expanded to larger subject groups.
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PMID:Plasma chromogranin A. Initial studies in human hypertension. 399 34

The Na-K cotransport activity was measured in erythrocytes of 123 normotensive and 92 hypertensive patients, using the methodology described by Dagher and Garay. Large overlap of the values obtained in the two populations is observed, in such a way this laboratory test cannot be applied for the discrimination between primary and secondary hypertension. Moreover, the abnormalities described for the Na-K cotransport do not appear specific for primary hypertension. In this study, the influence of hypertensive heredity, but also obesity on this cotransport system could not be demonstrated. However, this transport activity is significantly decreased in patients with chronic renal failure, during treatment with oestro-progestatives or during the oestrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle. These data strongly suggest that the cotransport activity could be modified not only by the hypertensive familial predisposition but also by environmental and hormonal influences.
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PMID:The erythrocyte sodium-potassium cotransport in hypertensive patients: advantages and limitations. 400 62

To determine whether plasma protein changes may be associated with primary hypertension, we analyzed plasma proteins from essential hypertensive (EHT) patients and genetically hypertensive rats using two-dimensional electrophoresis. An additional plasma protein, having a molecular weight of 13,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 4.5, was found in 82% of the patients with borderline or moderate hypertension (n = 29) and in all permanently hypertensive patients (n = 12). This protein was detected in 36% of normotensive (NT) subjects (n = 50). In the latter, the influence of family history, sex, and secondary hypertension were studied. Plasma proteins were also studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In all plasma from young male (n = 10) and female (n = 6) SHR, two additional proteins (molecular weight = 16,000 daltons, pHi = 4.7 and 5.1) were detectable. These plasma proteins were not detectable in male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and in 50% of female WKY, and their frequency was 10% (n = 10) and 0% (n = 3) in normal male WKY and in male WKY rendered hypertensive by methylprednisolone, respectively. We conclude that these alterations of plasma proteins may be considered a biochemical feature of primary hypertension.
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PMID:Plasma protein changes in primary hypertension in humans and rats. 618 22


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