Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085580 (essential hypertension)
 14,686 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hydrodynamics of the eyes was investigated in 57 patients with exophthalmos, with various degree of infiltrative changes. Open angle glaucoma was not found in any case. In 12 eyes (10.5 p.c.) one observed a raised IOP (over 21 mm Hg)--checked by means, of an applanation tonometer with the patient looking straight on; in 24 eyes (18.4 p.c.) the IOP was near the upper limit of the normal pressure. Characteristic for glaucoma pathological changes of the optic disc and the visual field were absent in examined patients. All of them had the filtration angle open. The authors found a statistically significant dependency between the IOP and the degree of changes in the motor muscles, conjunctival tissue and in the lids. The authors suggest that the changes in the intraocular pressure have an external cause and stem from the disturbances of the venous circulation with exclusion of the primary hypertension.
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PMID:[Ocular hydrodynamics in patients with infiltrative-edematous exophthalmos in Graves' disease]. 209 Aug 72

This paper presents epidemiological data on the prevalence of 26 common (i.e., having a lifetime prevalence of more than 1 per 10(4) individuals in the population) multifactorial diseases in Hungary and estimates of detriment associated with them. The detriment is expressed using 3 indicators, namely years of lost life (LL), potentially impaired life (PIL) and actually impaired life (AIL). The total prevalence of these diseases in Hungary has been estimated to be about 6500 per 10(4) individuals in the population. This estimate is in agreement with published data for other parts of the world. On the basis of clinical severity, these diseases have been split into 3 groups, namely (1) very severe (schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, acute myocardial infarction and related conditions, and systemic lupus erythematosus); (2) moderately severe and/or episodal or seasonal (15 entities including Graves' disease, diabetes mellitus, gout, affective psychoses, essential hypertension, peptic ulcers, asthma, etc.); and (3) less severe than those in the first 2 groups (varicose veins, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, Scheuermann disease and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis). The essential clinical and genetic aspects of these diseases are briefly discussed. With the exception of epilepsy, none of the diseases included in our list causes mortality between ages 0 and 19. However, they are among the leading causes of death between ages 20 and 69 and thereafter. A sizeable proportion of those with essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. survive to 70 years and beyond, as do those with gout, glaucoma, allergic rhinitis, psoriasis, etc. Overall, about 16% of all deaths that occur in Hungary every year (all age groups) can be attributed to these diseases. The mean number of years of PIL covers a wide range (about 20-40, 12-70 and 40-60 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively), the overall mean being about 24 years. However, the nature and degree of impairment and the impact on the life quality of those afflicted differ for the different diseases. Likewise, the mean number of years of AIL (for which the interval between the mean age at premature retirement and mean age at death was used as a rough index) also spans a wide range from 16 to 45, and the overall mean is about 20 years. At the population level, the diseases considered in this paper cause about 2700 years of LL, 96,000 years of PIL and about 5800 years of AIL per 10(4) individuals in the population. Relative to Mendelian diseases as a whole, these multifactorial diseases are associated with much greater detriment (LL: 1.4 X; PIL: 30 X and AIL: 3.9 X).
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PMID:The load of genetic and partially genetic diseases in man. II. Some selected common multifactorial diseases: estimates of population prevalence and of detriment in terms of years of lost and impaired life. 305 77

Alpha methyltyrosine (alpha-MPT) was administered to 52 patients from 4 days to 10 months; 22 patients were cases of pheochromocytoma and 20 had essential hypertension. Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis in the range of 50-80% was achieved with divided daily drug dosage of from 1.0 to 4.0 g. Striking clinical benefit was noted in patients with pheochromocytoma in whom the drug was used in preparation for surgery and during chronic medical management. The drug appeared to have limited usefulness when used in essential hypertension, unless added to existing therapy with conventional agents. No beneficial effects were noted in thyrotoxicosis, glaucoma, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Untoward effects in order of decreasing incidence were: sedation (with insomnia on withdrawal), anxiety, tremor, diarrhea, and galactorrhea. Drug crystalluria, which has been observed in animals and is currently restrictive of clinical trials, was not observed in these studies. Evidence is presented that the minor conversion of alpha-MPT to methyldopa probably does not contribute significantly to the central and peripheral effects of the drug.
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PMID:Biochemical and pharmacologic effects of alpha-methyltyrosine in man. 563 45

The concentration of aldosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in homogenates from a total of 227 human cataractous lenses divided into six groups according to age and accompanying diseases (i.e. glaucoma, essential hypertension, diabetes and combination of the two latter diseases). Aldosterone concentration in cataracts ranged from 0.020 to 0.036 fmol mg-1 protein. Significantly higher values were found in lenses of patients with hypertension (0.047 +/- 0.022 fmol mg-1 protein). Using two independent methods an evidence was brought that specific and saturable aldosterone binding occurs in cytosol of human lens epithelium obtained from autopsy specimens, which is not identical with glucocorticoid binding. Electrophoretic properties of this aldosterone binding entity correspond to a protein with a relative molecular mass of 90 000 daltons.
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PMID:Content and binding of aldosterone in human ocular lens. 623 25

An Interdistrict Laser Center has been functioning in Vladivostok for 10 years. Laser exposure was used in the treatment of 749 patients with primary glaucoma. Yatagan-1, Orion-3001, YAG Pegaus-3002 lasers (Germany) were employed. In 55% cases primary glaucoma was concomitant with essential hypertension, in 12% with diabetes mellitus. Laser iridectomy, laser goniopuncture, laser trabeculoplasty were used. Hypotensive effect lasting for at least 6 months was attained in 69.1% cases. Complications presenting as hemorrhages in the anterior chamber, which spontaneously resolved on day 2 after exposure, were observed in only 4% cases. Laser therapy in patients aged 50 to 70 is the only means of reducing ophthalmic tone and preserving the visual function because of somatic diseases present at this age. Laser treatment of primary glaucoma brings about an appreciable economic effect and creates favorable conditions for subsequent microsurgery.
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PMID:[Experience in laser treatment of primary glaucoma]. 748

Visual functions, hydrodynamics, and bloodflow in internal carotid arteries were evaluated in 60 patients with primary glaucoma and essential hypertension. Effects of systemic and local beta-adrenoblockers and combinations of local hypotensive agents with calcium antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were studied. Negative effect of a combination of local and oral beta-adrenoblockers and positive effect of a combination of local hypotensive agents with oral capotene were revealed. Capotene is recommended for the treatment of glaucomatous patients with essential hypertension.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of combined use of local and general hypotensive agents in patients with glaucoma and hypertension]. 1189 62

11beta-hydroxysteroide dehydrogenase (11beta-OHSD) enzymes exhibit a regulating action upon cortisol metabolism before access to its receptors. Two types of isoenzymes have been described, type 2 being the most anciently known. Type 2 11beta-OHSD, which changes cortisol into cortisone, is a unidirectional dehydrogenase mainly located in kidney, that protects mineralocorticoid receptors from illicit activation by glucocorticoids. Mutations of the gene coding for this enzyme has been demonstrated in apparent mineralocorticoid excess, which induces hypertension and hypokalemia with low renin and aldosterone levels. Polymorphisms of this gene could modulate essential hypertension and also be responsible for certain forms of acquired apparent mineralocorticoid excess especially after liquorice intoxication, in hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, and chronic renal insufficiency. Type 1 11beta-OHSD, which changes cortisone into cortisol, is a reductase, mainly located in liver and adipose tissue. Functional defects of this enzyme have been shown in polycystic ovaries and cortisone reductase deficiency. By contrast, metabolic syndrome, corticoid-induced osteoporosis, and glaucoma are linked to a local over-activity of this enzyme. The understanding of action mechanisms of these two enzymes currently leads to 11beta-OHSD inhibitors development, therefore opening new therapeutic strategies, especially in metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:[11beta-hydroxysteroide dehydrogenases. Recent advances]. 1736 20

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which alter the intracellular calcium concentration by modifying calcium flux across cell membranes and affect various intracellular signaling processes, have been long and widely used to treat essential hypertension and certain types of cardiac diseases such as angina pectoris. Among five subtypes of calcium channels, only specific agents for L-type calcium channels have been used as therapeutics. Animal experiments have indicated that topical application of CCBs, especially verapamil, caused significant intraocular pressure (IOP) reductions, while ocular hypotensive effects in humans were not substantial. Although the results obtained for nifedipine and nimodipine were not always consistent, CCBs generally dilate isolated ocular vessels and increase ocular blood flow in experimental animals, normal humans, and patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Several single-centered, hospital-based, prospective studies have suggested that nimodipine, brovincamine, and nilvadipine had beneficial effects on visual function not only in normal humans but also in patients with OAG, while the results of population-based and case-controlled studies were not always consistent with those obtained in hospital-based studies. In vitro studies showed that CCBs exerted neuroprotective effects on neurons undergoing apoptosis and necrosis. Although the neuroprotective effects of CCBs have been well documented in experimental cerebral ischemia models, no controlled studies have shown the clinical efficacy of CCBs in stroke or cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotective effects also were documented in retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors in experimental animals. Some ophthalmic beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, especially betaxolol, interact with L-type calcium channels and show calcium channel-blocking activity, which may be partly responsible for the neuroprotective effects of these drugs reported in experimental animals. Based on the reported findings of CCBs and that the results of clinical studies in acute cerebral ischemia may not be directly applicable to a chronic neurodegenerative ocular disorder, such as OAG, CCBs deserve future study to investigate strategies that are additive or synergetic to ocular hypotensive therapy for OAG, especially in patients with lower IOP.
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PMID:Use of calcium channel blockers for glaucoma. 2093 4

Nowadays the regional mechanisms underlying disorders of drainage function and the increased intraocular pressure at various types of glaucoma are the subject of wide discussion in ophthalmology. In the specified aspect and to this day there are no comprehensive data concerning the roles of the broken ion exchange in hydrostatic systems of an eye, in particular, potassium-sodium pomp in mechanisms of ophtalmohypertension induction. The object of research was intraocular liquid of patients with the senile and complicated cataracts proceeding on the background of anterior open-angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, cataracts proceeding on the background of idiopathic hypertension, diabetes and the previous trauma. Samples of intraocular liquid were subjected to ion-selective analysis for definition of sodium, calcium and potassium ions content that was expressed in mmol/L. The analyzer Kone-microlyte (Finland) was used at definition of ionic composition. Program coefficient was defined using the refractometer of Shibuya Optical CO (Japan). The results were subjected to the statistical analysis using Student's criteria, with application of computer program SPSS version 13 ANOVA. At the cataract proceeding on the background of anterior open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in intraocular liquid relatively high indexes of the diffraction index and level of sodium and calcium ions were registered on the background of potassium ions decreased content. At the complicated cataracts: the cataract proceeding on the background of open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative cataract, in intraocular liquid the alterations in its protein and ionic composition are found to be considered as the risk factors resulting in disorders of drainage function and increase of intraocular pressures.
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PMID:[Disorders of ion balance in intraocular liquid at patients with senile and complicated cataracts]. 2378 99

Among known glaucoma triggers, pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is most of all studied. Development of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in some patients with PXF and certain somatic diseases requires further investigation. This study was aimed to evaluation of glaucoma risk in patients with PXF in relation to concurrent somatic pathology. A total of 185 patients aged from 48 to 87 diagnosed with OAG and, additionally, 75 patients of control group were assessed. Complex examination was performed and anamnestic data collected in all cases. A statistically significant relationship between OAG development and the presence of primary hypertension, ischemic heart disease, chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency, and atherosclerosis in patients with PXF has been established.
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PMID:[Occurrence and characteristics of cardiovascular pathology in patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma]. 2462


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