Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0085437 (bacterial meningitis)
 4,038 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefuzoname (CZON, L-105) a newly developed cephalosporin, has broad spectrum on Gram-positive or -negative bacteria and may also be effective against Staphylococcus aureus against which third generation cephalosporins are largely ineffective. We studied the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of CZON on infectious disease of children. The diseases we studied included 2 cases of bacterial meningitis and 1 case each of viral meningitis, enterocolitis, upper respiratory infection, pneumonia, and mycoplasmal pneumonia. CZON was administered by drip infusion. Dose levels were 20-53 mg/kg/30-60 minutes, 3 times a day. For 5 cases, was studied time course of concentrations of CZON in plasma. Median T 1/2 was 0.96 hour. Concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied in cases of pneumonia and bacterial meningitis. In the case of pneumonia the CSF concentration of CZON was 0.272 microgram/ml after 45 minutes, in the case of meningitis they were 0.155 microgram/ml after 5 hours. Both of these values were higher than MIC of 0.025 microgram/ml against Haemophilus influenzae which was isolated from a case of bacterial meningitis. This MIC was lower than that of cefotiam and cefazolin, as well as of cefmenoxime. Clinical effects were excellent on pneumonia, good on upper respiratory infection, fair on mycoplasmal pneumonia. CZON, however, was ineffective in the treatment of a case of bacterial meningitis from which a susceptible strain of H. influenzae was isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Studies on cefuzoname in the field of pediatrics]. 361 97

Clinical evaluation of cefmetazole were made in the treatment of bacterial infections in the newborn infants and the following results were obtained. 1) Five infants, 7 approximately 58 days of age, received a single intravenous one-shot injection of 22.2 approximately 24.5 mg/kg dose of cefmetazole, and blood concentrations were determined. The average level was 62.6 micrograms/ml (30 minutes), 46.3 micrograms/ml (1 hour), 26.8 micrograms/ml (2 hours), 8.7 micrograms/ml (4 hours) and 2.4 micrograms/ml (6 hours), and T 1/2 was 87.7 minutes. Almost similar values were obtained when the drug was given by a 30-minute drip infusion and sufficiently exceeded the MIC to the bacteria to which cefmetazole was indicated. 2) In two patients, who had been operated for choledochal cyst and received an intravenous drip infusion of the drug, the persistence of the blood concentration was remarkably long, T 1/2 being 192 and 222 minutes, respectively. This problem still remains to be elucidated. 3) The following 22 patients were treated with an intravenous one-shot or drip infusion of cefmetazole, i.e., 45.6 to 107.1 mg/kg divided in 2 approximately 3 doses; 14 patients aged 1 to 21 days, 2 aged 1 to less than 2 months, 3 aged 2 to less than 3 months and 3 aged older than 3 months. However, in purulent meningitis, larger dose was given intravenously 6 times daily. Diseases included sepsis (4 cases), purulent meningitis (3), peritonitis (1) SSS syndrome (3), subcutaneous abscess (2), urinary tract infection (8) and Salmonella enteritis (1), and their causative organisms were E. coli (13 strains), K. pneumoniae (1), S. typhimurium (1), S. aureus (6) and group B Streptococcus (1). Overall efficacy rate in 22 cases was 90.9%. i.e., excellent in 11, good in 9 and failure in 2. Two cases of failure were a patient with peritonitis and visceral eventration due to umbilical hernia and a patient with a chromosomal aberration and urinary tract infection caused by E. coli. Reasons for such a treatment failure appeared to reside in host factors. 4) Adverse reactions included each one case of skin rash and diaper rash, 3 cases of eosinophilia and 5 cases of elevation of transaminase levels, all of which were mild and transient. 5) Based on the above results, cefmetazole is considered to be a potent new antibiotic which should be indicated as the first choice drug in the treatment of neonatal bacterial infections. The recommended dosage is as follows: 50 mg/kg given intravenously 6 times daily for bacterial meningitis and 20 approximately 25 mg/kg intravenously or by a drip infusion 2 to 3 times daily for other infections.
 ...
PMID:[Cefmetazole in the treatment of bacterial infections in the newborn (author's transl)]. 694 Oct 35

Pharmacokinetic differences between ampicillin and carbenicillin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were evaluated in experimental staphylococcal meningitis in rabbits after a single intravenous administration of 100 mg/kg dose of each drug. Half-lives (T 1/2) in CSF and CSF/serum ratios of T 1/2 were 52 minutes and 2.1 for ampicillin and 23 minutes and 1.3 for carbenicillin, respectively. These findings indicate that ampicillin is eliminated from CSF more slowly than carbenicillin. Penetration rates were calculated from CSF/serum ratios of area under the curve (AUC) and were 16.8% for ampicillin and 11.6% for carbenicillin, although the maximum concentration (Cmax) of carbenicillin in CSF was twice as high as that of ampicillin. Thus the penetration rate appeared to be influenced more by T 1/2 in CSF than by Cmax. Cmax in CSF was obtained at 15 minutes for carbenicillin and 30 minutes for ampicillin. As to carbenicillin there were considerable individual variations in CSF levels. The above observations suggest that T 1/2 and AUC in CSF are important parameters when evaluating the usefulness of an antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
 ...
PMID:Comparative pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and carbenicillin in the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with staphylococcal meningitis with reference to half-lives and areas under the curve. 725 1