Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085437 (bacterial meningitis)
 4,038 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This piece summarizes the presentations and discussions at a meeting on pneumococcal disease surveillance in the Americas that was held in Mexico City, Mexico, on 2 November 2004. This meeting was organized by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the Pneumococcal Vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan (PneumoADIP) of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). The meeting participants reviewed the status of pneumococcal disease surveillance in the Region of the Americas, estimates of the burden of pneumococcal disease, the distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that cause invasive disease, the status of pneumococcal vaccine introduction, health economic analyses, and financial issues related to vaccine introduction. The meeting participants also worked to identify the next steps for generating the critical information needed to help make decisions on pneumococcal vaccine introduction. Coordinated pneumococcal disease surveillance for the Region of the Americas dates back to the 1993 establishment by PAHO of the Regional System for Vaccines (RSV) project for surveillance of bacterial meningitis and pneumonia, including pneumococcal disease. Surveillance data from the RSV indicate that the distribution of major serotypes in the Americas has been stable over time (but that antibiotic resistance is increasing), with serotype 14 being the leading serotype isolated in most countries participating in RSV. Based on local serotype data from six of the RSV countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay), the 7-valent vaccine would cover 65% of serotypes, the 9-valent vaccine would cover 77%, and the 11-valent vaccine would cover 83%.
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PMID:Pneumococcal disease and vaccination in the Americas: an agenda for accelerated vaccine introduction. 1680 76

Affordable pneumococcal conjugate vaccines will soon become available to developing countries through the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. Data on Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis epidemiology in Uganda will assist decision makers in determining the best national vaccine policy. We reviewed acute bacterial meningitis surveillance data for children aged <5 years from 3 sentinel surveillance sites in 3 Ugandan districts collected from 2001 through 2006. Serotype and antibiotic-resistance testing were performed on pneumococcal isolates collected from 2005 through 2006 from the Kampala district in the tropical central region of Uganda. Minimum pneumococcal meningitis incidence estimates were calculated for a portion of the Kampala district and all of the Gulu district, where case ascertainment was more complete. At the 3 sites, 14,388 probable acute bacterial meningitis cases were observed. The most common cause identified was S. pneumoniae (n = 331; 35% of all confirmed cases), which had an overall case fatality ratio of 19%. Yearly pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 3-20 cases per 100,000 population in Kampala versus 28-42 cases per 100,000 population in Gulu. The most commonly identified serotypes were 6A/6B (40%); 43% of isolates were serotypes that are in the available 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 70% are in the proposed 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Twenty-five isolates (83%) had intermediate resistance to penicillin but none were fully resistant. Pneumococcal meningitis is common and severe in Uganda, indicating a role for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
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PMID:Surveillance for Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in children aged <5 years: implications for immunization in Uganda. 1919 11

Streptococcus pneumoniae, or "pneumococcus," causes pneumonia and infections of the brain and blood that are responsible for significant mortality in children under five years as well as in the elderly. Pneumococcal diseases are a major public health problem worldwide. S. pneumoniae is responsible for 15-50% of all episodes of community-acquired pneumonia, 30-50% of all cases of acute otitis media, and a significant proportion of bacterial meningitis and bacteremia. S. pneumoniae kills at least one million children under the age of five every year, which is more than malaria, AIDS and measles combined. More than 70% of the deaths are in developing countries. In 2007, pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading infectious killer of children worldwide. Perhaps more importantly, pneumonia remains the leading killer of children in India. A recent UNICEF publication estimated that 410,000 children under age 5 y die of pneumonia each year in India, and recent data shows that an estimated 25% of all child deaths in India are due to pneumonia. The fact that this high burden of pneumonia has remained undiminished in India in spite of economic growth and decline in child mortality due to other diseases is a reminder of the importance of tackling pneumonia head-on with dedicated resources. The burden of pneumococcal meningitis, which constitutes about half of all childhood meningitis cases in most settings and a greater proportion of meningitis deaths, makes it difficult to avoid the conclusion that the pneumococcus is responsible for 1 million child deaths each year. Global Alliance for Vaccine and Immunization (GAVI) has offered to supply PCV at a cost of 0.15-0.30 USD/dose to India for inclusion in the national immunization schedule and commits to extending this support until the year 2015. Pneumococcal vaccination in not recommended in children aged 5 and above.
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PMID:Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a newer vaccine available in India. 2289 67