Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0085437 (bacterial meningitis)
 4,038 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcium and magnesium have been measured in cerebrospinal fluid by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in children. The normal values on 194 C.S.F., obtaining for the calcium x: 5.24 mg. % and s: +/- 0.378 mg. % [50--56 % lower than serum values] and for magnesium x: 2.64 mg. % and s: +/- 0.155 mg. % [19--33 % higher than serum values] are found. Higher values of calcium at birth and on the first year of life and no differences with magnesium are noted. Applying the t-test, between normal values obtained and the different pathological entities, authors find singificant differences on the level of calcium, finding higher values on the following diseases: dehydration by diarrhoea, poliomyelitis, anoxy, tumours, bacterial meningitis. Magnesium showed values significantly higher in dehydration by diarrhoea and epilepsy, and values significantly lower on febrile convulsions and virical and bacterial meningitis.
 ...
PMID:[Study of calcium and magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid and its' relation to different neurological diseases (author's transl)]. 72 8

Four patients with acute paracoccidioidomycosis, hypoalbuminemia, ascites and associated infections are reported. They have been admitted to hospital 35 times, 4 of them due to active paracoccidioidomycosis, 14 to associated infections, 14 to ascites, edema and diarrhoea and 3 to herniorrhaphy. Two of them recovered after sepsis and central nervous system, muscular and subcutaneous cryptococcosis. The remaining two died. One had infectious diarrhoea (S. flexneri), peritoneal tuberculosis and sepsis (S. epidermidis); the other had bacterial meningitis, erysipelas, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus sepsis and miliary tuberculosis. Their immunodeficiency was attributed to enteric protein loss and/or malabsorption and malnutrition and was recognized by reduced response to delayed hypersensitivity skin tests in four patients and hypogammaglobulinemia in three of them. The authors discuss the need for prospective studies to be carried out, aiming at the mechanisms involved in secondary infections. Alternatives for maintaining the patients' adequate nutritional state should be investigated, to guarantee proper immune response and thus the ability to control intervening infections in patients with juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis.
 ...
PMID:Immunodeficiency secondary to juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis: associated infections. 148 Feb 6

A new carbapenem antibiotic, meropenem (MEPM), was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in 33 infants and children. MEPM was effective in all the 32 evaluable cases including 4 cases of bacterial meningitis and 5 cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The mean half life of plasma concentrations of MEPM was 0.84 +/- 0.09 hours after 30 minutes intravenous drip infusion. Mild diarrhea (2 cases), transient elevation of transaminases (8 cases), and transient eosinophilia (2 cases) were associated with the MEPM therapy, but none of them was problematic. These data suggest that MEPM is safe in infants and children and could be one of the therapeutic agents for severe infections or infections in compromised hosts.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical evaluation of a new carbapenem, meropenem, in infants and children]. 152 78

Marked differences in body composition and organ function development have been demonstrated among neonates, infants, and children versus adults. Specific dosage guidelines for the paediatric population, however, are still not available for the majority of marketed drugs. Much needs to be learned about the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, comparative efficacy and safety of drugs in infants and children. Recent developments in paediatric therapeutics include the availability of several new antibiotics for the treatment of infections including, streptococcal pharyngitis, otitis media, bacterial meningitis, herpes encephalitis, neonatal herpes, and AIDS. Corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin have become important adjunctive treatments for certain infections. A variety of drugs are available to treat asthma but the mortality due to this disease is still increasing. The identification of a gene defect in patients with cystic fibrosis could lead to more effective treatment in the future. Ondansetron, marketed for use in adults only, shows promise as a more effective and safer antiemetic in children receiving cancer chemotherapy. Numerous drugs are not available in suitable dosage forms for paediatric use and extemporaneous formulations are required. Documentation on the stability of the reformulated drugs is therefore needed. Studies have shown that the methods used for intravenous delivery can influence the serum concentrations of drugs in infants and children. Large numbers of children could be saved worldwide solely with improved vaccination and control of diarrhoea. Despite this, it is encouraging to witness the continued advances being made in paediatric pharmacotherapy.
 ...
PMID:Advances in paediatric pharmacotherapy. 163 75

In view of the significant and articulate minority view among pediatricians that breast feeding is not "worth the bother" in developed countries, this review of the literature delves into the evidence from both developed and developing countries for the advantages of breastfeeding, both in infants and for long-term health. Infants in developed settings experience twice the hospitalization rate and more severe illness from lower respiratory tract infection, primarily respiratory syncytial virus. In developing countries the mortality risk is 4-fold. for otitis media, the relative risks were 3.3-4.3 for Finnish infants. Bacterial meningitis and/or bacteremia had a 4-fold risk for hospitalization in a Connecticut study, and a 3-fold relative risk in 2 developing country studies. Human milk was the best preventative for bacteremia and necrotizing enterocolitis in prematures in British neonatal units. A 20-fold reduction in neonatal deaths occurred in Philippine study of breastfeeding, especially in low birth weight babies. Diarrhea causes the most infant mortality in developing nations, where bottle-feeding raises rates 14-fold. In the U.S. estimated relative risks is 3.7 for diarrheal mortality. Sudden infant death is about 1/5 less common in U.S. breast fed babies than in bottle fed. There is evidence for better long-term health after breast feeding in disorders such as celiac disease, Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, malignant lymphoma, chronic liver disease, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies. The design of good studies of protection conferred by breast feeding, and the possible modes of action of breast milk are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Breast-feeding and health in the 1980s: a global epidemiologic review. 194 1

Ampicillin (or penicillin G) plus chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime have been used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis beyond the neonatal period. Review of recent data from the USA and Europe indicates that delayed CSF sterilization occurs significantly more often with ampicillin/chloramphenicol and cefuroxime than with ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Delayed CSF sterilization is associated with an increased morbidity and neurological complications. Previously reported in vitro interactions between chloramphenicol and various beta-lactam antibiotics indicate that for bacteria where chloramphenicol is only bacteriostatic, the combination of chloramphenicol with beta-lactams is antagonistic. Killing rates of various beta-lactams were compared against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cidal activity of some beta-lactams was inoculum dependent. There was a good correlation between in vitro activity and ability to sterilize CSF. Ceftriaxone is highly protein bound and its use in newborns is discouraged. Diarrhea occurs significantly more often after cefriaxone use than after the use of other agents. Ceftriaxone is uniquely associated with a high frequency of biliary pseudolithiasis which may be symptomatic and can cause measureable morbidity. In selecting the "proper" antimicrobial agent for the treatment of bacterial meningitis considerations should be given to proven clinical efficacy, prompt CSF sterilization, rapid in vitro cidal activity, safety and cost. We recommend cefotaxime as the agent of choice in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.
 ...
PMID:Delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization, in vitro bactericidal activities, and side effects of selected beta-lactams. 209 Dec 55

A total of 33 patients with bacterial meningitis were treated with single daily doses of ceftriaxone (CTR 100 mg/kg/day i.v.) for a median duration of 13 days. Pathogens isolated by culture and/or determined by latex agglutination were 15 Haemophilus influenzae b, 7 Neisseria meningitidis, 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1 group B streptococcus, 2 Streptococcus viridans and 2 Staphylococcus epidermidis. In 4 cases a diagnosis of purulent meningitis could only be made by means of the inflammatory liquor parameters. All cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug levels even at the end of the dosing interval were at least 10-fold higher than the MICs of the respective bacterial isolates. The average penetration of CTR into the CSF was 6.6%. Within 12-46 h after the first dose, control spinal taps were performed. Cultures were sterile in all cases. Side effects encountered were diarrhea, exanthema, neutropenia and transient elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, but none caused a change of therapy. One patient developed a biliary concrement. No patient died; 5 patients had prolonged fever (greater than 5 days), and 2 were left with persistent hearing deficiencies. CTR can be recommended as a safe and effective antibiotic agent for once daily treatment of bacterial meningitis in children.
 ...
PMID:Ceftriaxone monotherapy for bacterial meningitis in children. 229 6

Inpatient and community-based care can be complementary in relation to the management of HIV disease. Medical records from 200 inpatients of Chikankata Hospital near Lusaka, Zambia and 200 home based patients were examined and compared for the common symptoms of presentation of HIV disease, associated opportunistic infections, and treatment protocols. Drug costs of both groups were also compared. The most common respiratory symptoms in the 2 groups are cough, chest pains, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Treatment employed for these symptoms were cortimoxazole, penicillin V, erthromycin, and tetracycline. Acetyl saliclic acid and paracetamol were used for pain relief in both groups. Gastointestinal system symptoms for both groups were diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Cotrimoxazole and metronidazole were used in treating diarrhea. Additional treatment protocol for the 2 patient samples included oral rehydration therapy for dehydration, antacid or bismuth subsalicylate for diarrhea and enteritis, and mycostatin for oral candidiasis. Central nervous system symptomatology included headache, dementia, neckace, and lethargy. Chloramphenicol was employed in treating bacterial meningitis. Diazepam and chlorpromazine were effective for restless patients. Genito-urinary system symptomatology for the 2 groups included dysuria, genital ulcers, hematuria, viral warts, and buboes. Antibodies were used for sexually transmitted diseases and infections. Skin symptomatology included rash and dermatitis, herpes zoster, abscess, kaposi's sarcoma, ulcers, furunculosis, and discharging anal sinus. In treating these symptoms, hospital based care and home based care were similar. Overall, it was found that hospital treatment protocols were detailed, expensive, and time consuming. Furthermore, hospital treatment for HIV positive patients is more expensive than HIV negative patients; hospital costs for 50 HIV negative patients totaled US$415.94 compared to US$1204.98 HIV positive/PTB negative patients and US$1705.62 for HIV positive/PTB positive patients. Drug cost/patient admission is increased by 469% if HIV positive. (author's modified).
 ...
PMID:Clinical care as part of integrated AIDS management in a Zambian rural community. 248 94

In a multicentre study, 220 consecutive cases of bacterial meningitis in children older than 3 months were randomised to treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin (initially with chloramphenicol), cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone. The drugs were given in four equal daily doses for 7 days, except ceftriaxone which was given only once daily. 200 cases could be assessed; the causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in 146; meningococci (Mnc) in 32; pneumococci (Pnc) in 13; and other or unknown in 9. In patients with Hib meningitis, sterilisation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurred most rapidly with ceftriaxone. Otherwise, in terms of overall clinical recovery, normalisation of laboratory indices, clinically significant adverse reactions, toxic effects, sequelae, and mortality rate, the treatment groups were very similar. However, there were 4 bacteriological failures, all in the chloramphenicol group. Also, the treatment was extended or changed in more cases in the chloramphenicol group than in the other groups. Chloramphenicol was thus inferior to the other three antimicrobials. Ampicillin is a good and cheap alternative, but there are difficulties with resistance. Easy administration tempts the use of ceftriaxone rather than cefotaxime but it causes diarrhoea. A 7-day course of ampicillin, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone is sufficient in Hib, Mnc, or Pnc meningitis.
 ...
PMID:Randomised comparison of chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone for childhood bacterial meningitis. Finnish Study Group. 257 Sep 41

Fifty-two children were included in this study to evaluate and compare short- versus standard-length ceftriaxone therapy for bacterial meningitis. The duration of the short-course regimens was 4, 6 and 7 days for Neisseria meningitidis, Hemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively. The standard-length regimens were twice as long. On the basis of a computer-generated randomization list, 26 children were assigned either to the short- or to the standard-treatment regimen. Ceftriaxone was given intravenously once daily in a dose of 60 mg/kg after an initial loading dose of 100 mg/kg. The population characteristics, the severity of disease and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings were similar in the two study groups at admission. Bacteriological and clinical response were comparable. There were no significant differences in the incidence of neurological complications, prolonged fever (greater than or equal to 10 days), persistent pleocytosis and side effects between the two groups. Hearing loss occurred in 3 patients in the standard-length group and in no patients in the short-course group. Diarrhea was the only side effect and occurred in 14% of the patients. The results of the study indicate that the short-duration regimen was adequate for the treatment of meningitis caused by the three major meningeal pathogens. However, the small number of patients do not justify the adoption of the short-course regimen for all children with meningitis. At present, prolongation of ceftriaxone therapy or discontinuation of the drug under strict clinical observation of the patient should be considered in some cases.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis with ceftriaxone once daily: open, prospective, randomized, comparative study of short-course versus standard-length therapy. 276 69


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>