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Query: UMLS:C0085437 (bacterial meningitis)
 4,038 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcium and magnesium have been measured in cerebrospinal fluid by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in children. The normal values on 194 C.S.F., obtaining for the calcium x: 5.24 mg. % and s: +/- 0.378 mg. % [50--56 % lower than serum values] and for magnesium x: 2.64 mg. % and s: +/- 0.155 mg. % [19--33 % higher than serum values] are found. Higher values of calcium at birth and on the first year of life and no differences with magnesium are noted. Applying the t-test, between normal values obtained and the different pathological entities, authors find singificant differences on the level of calcium, finding higher values on the following diseases: dehydration by diarrhoea, poliomyelitis, anoxy, tumours, bacterial meningitis. Magnesium showed values significantly higher in dehydration by diarrhoea and epilepsy, and values significantly lower on febrile convulsions and virical and bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:[Study of calcium and magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid and its' relation to different neurological diseases (author's transl)]. 72 8

On June 13, 1991, President George Bush announced in a White House ceremony a local planning effort to break down barriers and provide better access to immunization in six representative localities "to solve the problem of late immunization." (children need to be immunized appropriately by their second birthday, not just in time for school.). The community "Immunization Action Plans" (IAP) are one of several Federal, State, and local responses to an outbreak of measles that produced 27,600 cases and 89 deaths in 1990. The community effort and subsequent early childhood immunization plans around the country are also part of a much broader effort initiated by Secretary Sullivan as a Healthy People Year 2000 goal to increase immunization levels to at least 90 percent for the nation's children by their second birthday. These efforts also respond to 13 recommendations for improving immunization availability made by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee in January 1991. The recommendations focused on improvements in the management of immunization delivery and in methods for measuring immunization status, increasing appropriate consumer demand, and other prevention needs. Although measles prompted the action, the immunization initiative is aimed also at eight other communicable childhood diseases--diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis or whooping cough, poliomyelitis, mumps, rubella, and Haemophilus influenza type b that causes bacterial meningitis, and hepatitis B. Details are described of the immunization action plans developed by Dallas, TX; Maricopa County (Phoenix), AZ; South Dakota; Detroit, MI; San Diego, CA; and Philadelphia, PA, to ensure that children are fully immunized not just by the time they enter school but by age 2 years. The six were chosen by the Centers for Disease Control as representative of many without adequate childhood immunization coverage.
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PMID:Six areas lead national early immunization drive. 159 33

We identified all diagnosed cases of infections of the central nervous system (CNS), excluding poliomyelitis, in the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1950 to 1981 and described incidence, time trends, etiologic agents, and mortality for these infections. The adjusted incidence rate for bacterial meningitis was 8.6/100,000 person-years (with a case fatality ratio of 10%) and was highest in children less than five years of age; in this age-group, rates more than doubled from 1950 to 1981. The adjusted incidence rate of brain abscess was 1.1, with a case fatality ratio of 37%. The adjusted incidence rate of aseptic meningitis was 10.9/100,000 person-years. Age-specific rates were highest in children less than one year of age and in men, and increased during the study period. The adjusted incidence rate of viral encephalitis was 7.4, with a case fatality ratio of 3.8%. Rates were highest in children less than 10 years of age and in men. By 10 years of age, 0.9% of the men and 0.7% of the women were affected by a CNS infection. Cumulative incidence (risk) through age 80 was 2.3% for men and 1.5% for women.
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PMID:Epidemiology of central nervous system infections in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1981. 373 90

We observed 37 patients (mean age at onset, 48.5 years; range, 13 to 84 years) with segmental myoclonus (18 branchial, 19 spinal). Etiologies for branchial myoclonus included brain-stem demyelination, cerebrovascular disease, Meige's syndrome, cerebral arteritis secondary to bacterial meningitis, central nervous system Whipple's disease, acute cervicomedullary trauma, and cerebellar degeneration. Spinal myoclonus was associated with laminectomy, remote effect of cancer, spinal cord injury, post-operative pseudomeningocele, laparotomy, thoracic sympathectomy, poliomyelitis, herpes myelitis, lumbosacral radiculopathy, spinal extradural block, and myelopathy due to demyelination, electrical injury, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and cervical spondylosis. The latency between the predisposing condition and the onset of myoclonus ranged from immediate to 33 years (mean, 2.9 years). In six patients, the myoclonus was the presenting symptom of a serious underlying disease. Treatment with clonazepam, tetrabenazine hydrochloride, or other medications provides a satisfactory control in most patients.
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PMID:Segmental myoclonus. Clinical and pharmacologic study. 375 63

Vaccines comprising combinations of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) components with Haemophilus influenzae b polysaccharide--protein conjugates (DTP-Hib) are now available. Combinations of DTP-Hib with additional components such as inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, meningococcal and pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugates are under development. Other combinations, such as Hib vaccine with meningococcal A, B and C components and possibly pneumococcal conjugates, or non-capsulated Haemophilus components combined with pneumococcal conjugates, developed against bacterial meningitis and otitis media respectively, are of potential interest. Combination vaccines against enteric infections and including potentially cholera, typhoid, ETEC, Shigella, rotavirus and possibly Campylobacter and Helicobacter components, may become available in the longer term. The control of these combinations is likely to be based on pharmacopoeial requirements for the individual components. However, the evaluation of combinations may not be straightforward and the interaction of the components with each other may influence reactogenicity, immunogenicity and stability and will complicate laboratory control tests. Indications of this have already arisen with some DTP-Hib combinations but are likely to increase as additional components are added. For example, the use of diphtheria and tetanus proteins as carriers for multiple polysaccharide conjugates may lead to excessive antitoxin production and epitope suppression of anti-polysaccharide responses. Other problems may result from competition for binding sites on adjuvant molecules. The requirements for new vaccine combinations need to be considered carefully and should not be made solely on assumptions based on the properties of individual components.
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PMID:Control testing of combined vaccines: a consideration of potential problems and approaches. 777 62

For some microorganisms, virulence may be an inadvertent consequence of mutation and selection in the parasite population, occurring within a host during the course of an infection. This type of virulence is short-sighted, in that it engenders no advantage to the pathogen beyond the afflicted host. Bacterial meningitis, poliomyelitis and AIDS are three candidates for this model of the evolution of virulence.
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PMID:Short-sighted evolution and the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms. 815 75

Since the early days of Jenner, vaccination against infectious agents appeared a very efficacious way for preventing millions of deaths and patients with serious sequelae. However, only limited success has been obtained in eradicating infectious diseases. Smallpox is the only human infectious disease that has been eradicated so far by vaccination, and eradication of polio is in its endgame. Data from the WHO in 2003 show that 2.5 million children under five still die from vaccine preventable diseases, but many more die from the major microbial killers in the world, i.e. HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis for which there are no effective vaccines. Very serious morbidity is the consequence of many infectious diseases often leading to disablement for a lifetime. As a junior post-doc with a position in the department of Medical Microbiology at the University of Amsterdam, I was touched by the seriousness of bacterial meningitis. This laboratory is the National Reference Center for Bacterial Meningitis in the Netherlands. It receives more than 80% of all isolates from meningitis patients in the country and has access to patient information for epidemiological research. This environment triggered me to use my experience as a biochemist with a PhD on composition, structure and functioning of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli to move from basic microbiology research to research on pathogenic bacteria, and ultimately prevention of serious bacterial infections.
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PMID:Portrait of a leading vaccinologist: dedicated to meningitis and respiratory tract infections. 1985 75

Effective immunization policies have markedly decreased the incidence of many lethal infectious diseases of childhood, including diphtheria, pertussis, and poliomyelitis, among others. In industrialized countries, relatively recent success in combating meningitis and sepsis has come with the implementation of universal immunization of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These universal immunization programs have reduced disease incidence and related deaths by more than 90%. Thus 2 out of the 3 major bacterial causes of invasive disease in children have now been controlled, leaving Neisseria meningitidis as the obvious next target. Currently, mortality attributable to invasive meningococcal disease remains at a level consistent with that of several other major vaccine-preventable infections prior to the implementation of immunization strategies. Unlike Hib and pneumococcus, US immunization policy against invasive meningococcal disease currently focuses on adolescents, a strategy that has been notably less than successful given that the highest incidence of invasive meningococcal disease occurs early in the first year of life. Development of safe and effective vaccines that broadly protect infants against disease caused by N. meningitidis is the next logical step in the effort to prevent bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Their universal use in infancy would follow a well-established and notably successful path.
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PMID:Universal immunization of infants against Neisseria meningitidis: addressing the remaining unmet medical need in the prevention of meningitis and septicemia. 2000 13

Aseptic meningitis refers to a clinical syndrome of meningeal inflammation in which bacteria cannot be identified in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The viral etiology and the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of aseptic meningitis among children aged 2 months to 15 years in Shiraz, southern Iran were determined. From May 2007 to April 2008, 65 patients were admitted to the hospital with aseptic meningitis. Seven viruses, non-polio human enteroviruses, mumps virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Viruses were detected in 30 (46.2%) patients in whom non-polio human enterovirus and mumps virus were detected in 13 (43.3%) and 11 (36.7%), respectively. The remaining 6 (20%) of the cases were caused by HSV, VZV, HCMV, and HHV-6. Haemophilus influenzae and non-polio human enterovirus were detected in one patient simultaneously. Viral meningitis was found to be more frequent during spring and summer. The majority (66.6%) of the patients were treated in the hospital for 10 days and had received antibiotics in the case of bacterial meningitis. Rapid diagnosis of viral meningitis using PCR testing of CSF can help shorten hospitalization, and avoid the unnecessary use of antibiotics.
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PMID:Viral etiology of aseptic meningitis among children in southern Iran. 2141 95

Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) are costly at both the individual and societal levels. The most common VPDs recorded in travellers are enteric (typhoid or paratyphoid B) fever, acute viral hepatitis, influenza, varicella, measles, pertussis and bacterial meningitis. Travellers suffering from VPDs are frequently hospitalized, illustrating the point that VPDs are serious and expensive. Many travellers are not properly immunized before travel. In addition to individual consequences, VPDs can have public-health consequences if they are introduced or re-introduced by infected travellers returning to areas with susceptible populations. The international spread of poliomyelitis, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 meningococcal infections, measles and influenza provides strong evidence of the role of international travel in the globalization of VPDs. The surveillance of the emergence, re-emergence or spread of VPDs is essential to adapt pre-travel advice and the responses to the VPD.
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PMID:The spread of vaccine-preventable diseases by international travellers: a public-health concern. 2286 65


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