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Query: UMLS:C0085437 (bacterial meningitis)
 4,038 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The growth of parent influenza viruses A/England/939/69 and A/PR/8/34, and clones 6, 7, and 64C, derived by recombination, was studied in newborn rats. Using an inoculum of 10(4.0) EID50, influenza virus A/England/939/69 produced the highest titres of virus in rat turbinates at 48 hours after inoculation; clones 6 and 7 and A/PR/8/34 grew to lower titres; and clone 64C grew to the lowest titre. These differences were less apparent when 10(2.0) EID50 of virus was used as an inoculum, and rats were not infected by smaller inoculum of any of the virus strains. Infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of all viruses produced lung infection; at 48 hours after infection, the highest titres were recovered from rats infected with A/PR/8/34 and A/England/939/69 virus. Prior infection with A/England/939/69 or A/PR/8/34 increased the incidence of bacteraemia and meningitis following intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b; infection with clone 64C did not enhance bacterial meningitis, while infection with clone 6 gave an intermediate result. Volunteer studies with these viruses have shown that influenza virus A/England/939/69 was virulent, clones 6 and 7 were attenuated, clone 64C was over-attenuated, and A/PR/8/34 virus was noninfective for man. The relative titres of virus recovered from turbinates taken 48 hours after infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of virus and the ability of virus infection to enhance bacterial infection correlated with the property of virus attenuation for man for four of the five strains tested; however, no correlation was seen for A/PR/8/34 virus, which is a result also found in other laboratory tests designed to measure virulence for man.
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PMID:Influenza virus infection in newborn rats: a possible marker of attenuation for man. 30 96

It was originally our intention to study the suitability of the nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) test for differentiating the causes of granulocytic pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, several methodological problems were encountered and required extensive preliminary studies. The test was initially performed on 51 CSF samples from 37 patients using the method described by Park et al. in 1968. Although bacterial meningitis was demonstrated in 19 patients, the NBT test resulted in more than 11% NBT positive granulocytes in only four cases. No NBT positive cells were found in 24 of the samples tested. These rather poor results are not surprising if one considers that NBT is only taken up by granulocytes as macrocomplex containing heparin or fibrinogen. CSF does not contain measurable quantities of fibrinogen--either under normal conditions or in cases of viral or bacterial meningitis. A comparative study of the NBT test with and without the addition of heparin was performed using CSF samples from six patients with proven bacterial meningitis. Without heparin there were less than 11% NBT positive granulocytes in five cases, while all samples demonstrated more than 11% positive cells after addition of heparin. Best results were achieved with 70 IU of heparin in each sample. Preparation and evaluation were facilitated by use of 0.1% NBT solution and concentration of the CSF cells in a sedimentation chamber.
Infection 1979
PMID:The nitroblue-tetrazolium test in granulocytes of the cerebrospinal fluid--methodological problems. 42 51

The serum half-life of cephacetrile and its penetration from the serum into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined in 33 premature and full-term neonates. On an average the serum half-life was 3.6 hours in children with a birth weight above 1,500 g; in children with a birth weight below 1,500 g it was 5.1 hours. The penetration volume of cephacetrile into CSF was higher and the rate of penetration faster in neonates with meningeal infections than in those without. The highest CSF concentrations were reached 2-4 hours after drug application (2.6-25.8 mcg/ml in infants with bacterial meningitis and 1.8-15.2 mcg/ml in infants without).
Infection 1977
PMID:Studies on serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of cephacetrile in neonates. 59 30

All cases of unusual types of gram-negative bacillary meningitis in a university hospital over a five year period were retrospectively analyzed. These patients comprised 4.2 per cent of cases of bacterial meningitis among all patients, 69 per cent of neurosurgical cases and 42 per cent of neonatal cases. The over-all mortality was 40.3 per cent. The two most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli in patients younger than one year and Klebsiella species in patients above that age. Infection may be acquired at birth or at the time of surgery, or may be secondary to spread of infection from other body sites. Gram-negative bacillary meningitis is a nosocomial infection and this diagnosis should be suspected in patients in whom central nervous system infection develops in the hospital.
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PMID:Gram-negative bacillary meningitis. 110 20

Selected clinical and laboratory parameters were studied respectively in patients with meningitis caused by enterococci and viridans streptococci in an academic children's hospital. During a nine-year period (1981-1989), enterococci or viridans streptococci were isolated from the cerobrospinal fluid (CSF) of 48 patients. In nine of these 48 patients, enterococci or viridans streptococci were the causative agents of meningitis. These nine children constituted 2.0% of 450 patients with bacterial meningitis in this period. All nine children suffered from underlying diseases; neurosurgical procedures were performed in six of these patients, of whom four had ventricular drains. A head trauma preceded the development of meningitis in another patient. Drainage of the lacrimal duct was associated with the development of meningitis in another patients. One child concurrently suffered from severe gastroenteritis. CSF leukocyte count and CSF protein levels were moderately elevated, whereas CSF glucose levels were either slightly decreased or within the normal range. Meningitis due to enterococci or viridans streptococci is seen predominantly in children under the age of one year. Predisposing factors, including neurosurgical procedures, head trauma and severe gastroenteritis, are usually present in these patients. The prognosis for recovery is generally good.
Infection
PMID:Childhood meningitis caused by enterococci and viridans streptococci. 164 84

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cefmenoxime were determined either microbiologically or by means of HPLC in 20 children with proven or suspected bacterial meningitis. Sixteen children suffered from bacterial meningitis: causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae type b (n = 10), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 4) and Neisseria meningitidis (n = 2). In these patients the cefmenoxime concentration in the CSF ranged from 0.9 to 12.2 mg/l, with a mean concentration of 4.63 mg/l 1.5-3 h after the last intravenous cefmenoxime application and 24-48 h after initiating therapy with 200 mg cefmenoxime/kg/d in four doses. In eight cases the bactericidal titers of the CSF were examined during therapy. Titers between 1:64 and 1:2,048, exceeding the minimal bactericidal concentration, were found. After five doses of cefmenoxime 50 mg/kg, two CSF cultures showed bacterial growth: one H. influenzae (bactericidal titer in CSF 1:256) and one S. pneumoniae.
Infection
PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of cefmenoxime in children with bacterial meningitis. 181 11

We investigated the influence to mannitol injections on the teicoplanin penetration into CSF in experimental bacterial meningitis of rabbits. Experimental bacterial meningitis was obtained by intracisternal inoculation of 10(7) cfu of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The experimental bacterial meningitis was controlled 18 h later by cisternal puncture. At this time (T0) mannitol (solution for injection 20%) was injected (bolus), at a dosage of 3 ml/kg, into the carotid arteria. Immediately after the previous bolus, teicoplanin was administered through the same line over 5 min, at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained 30 min and 2 h after injection was completed, and serum samples were obtained at the same time. Results were (mg/l) in cerebrospinal fluid: (Table; see text) (* p less than 0.05 comparing the two regimens at T0 + 2 h, and comparing regimen teicoplanin + mannitol infusion at T0 + 30 sec and + 2 h). This is very promising for the treatment of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacterial meningitits and should support further investigations.
Infection
PMID:Influence of mannitol on the penetration of teicoplanin into infected CSF of experimental Staphylococcus aureus meningitis of rabbits. 213 37

In a prospective Swiss multicenter study, 119 children (aged three weeks to 15.5 years) with acute bacterial meningitis were treated with single daily doses of ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg on days one and two and 60 mg/kg thereafter). All patients were randomly assigned to either short course (four, six, seven days) or full course (eight, 12, 14 days) therapy depending on whether they had contracted meningococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b or pneumococcal meningitis. Bacteriological cure was obtained in 92 children who fully completed the study and in all the 20 culture-positive of the 27 children secondarily excluded from the study for failure to meet all bacteriological and initial safety criteria for continuation in protocol (secondary exclusions). Complete clinical recovery was noted in 105 of 119 patients (88%) and was as frequent in the short course (91%) as in the full course (89%), and as in the secondary exclusion (81%) group. All patients survived. At follow-up examination three to six months after hospital discharge only seven infants and seven children (11.8%), mostly those with poor presentation on admission (p = 0.0012), showed residual neurological sequelae. Side effects of antibiotic therapy were minor but more frequent, albeit not statistically significant (p = 0.065), in children receiving the full course therapy. The results of this study suggest that short course treatment of acute bacterial meningitis in children with single daily ceftriaxone monotherapy is as efficacious as full course therapy and at least as well tolerated.
Infection
PMID:Short course single daily ceftriaxone monotherapy for acute bacterial meningitis in children: results of a Swiss multicenter study. Part I: Clinical results. 218 56

One hundred and eighty-seven children with identified bacterial meningitis were treated with intravenous cefotaxime: 15 patients were neonates, 79 infants, and 93 were aged from 1 to 14 years. Causative organisms were: Neisseria meningitidis in 80 cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 41, Haemophilus influenzae in 40, enteric gram-negative bacilli in 20 and Staphylococcus spp. in six. Enteric gram-negative bacilli included: Salmonella spp. in 14 cases, Klebsiella pneumoniae in two, and Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakazakii and Acinobacter calcoaceticus in one each; in one case the organism was not specified. Daily dose of cefotaxime was 150 to 300 mg/kg. Concomitant treatment with an aminoglycoside was used in seven cases. One hundred and seventy-two patients (92.0%) were cured. Fever persisted for a mean of five days and meningeal signs for a mean of four days. Fifteen (8.0%) patients died: most [13] of them were admitted in coma, and two in shock. Death occurred in the first 48 h in ten cases. Sterilization of CSF was achieved in the first 72 h of treatment in 155 (90.1%) of the cured patients. Cefotaxime was well tolerated. CSF penetration of cefotaxime was evaluated in seven patients: concentrations ranged from 0.499 mg/l to 2.829 mg/l. Based on this clinical study, cefotaxime is an effective and safe drug for the treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis.
Infection
PMID:Treatment of childhood bacterial meningitis. 268 53

Sixteen hospitalized patients, aged between 10 and 76 years (mean: 34.3 years), with bacterial meningitis were treated i.v. with cefoperazone at daily doses of 4.5 g to 9 g. In two cases ampicillin was given in combination with cefoperazone during the last four days and the first five days of treatment, respectively. The following organisms were isolated: Neisseria meningitidis (n = 9), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 2), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 2). Fourteen patients completely recovered from infection and the pathogens were eradicated; the treatment failed in only two patients and both were cured with alternative treatment. Furthermore, in 11 patients cefoperazone serum and CSF levels were determined four times during the first week of treatment (1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days). No important side effects were recorded.
Infection
PMID:Cefoperazone therapy of bacterial meningitis: a clinical trial. 269 58


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