Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0085383 (hypocapnia)
 1,697 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A case report of an 11-year-old Caucasian boy with the fragile X syndrome is presented. The fragile X syndrome is a form of X-linked mental retardation with a connective tissue component that involves mitral valve prolapse. Antibiotic prophylaxis, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and special anesthetic management considerations are elements of treating patients with fragile X syndrome. The patient received morphine sulfate and scopolamine as a preoperative premedication. Ketamine was also administered intramuscularly prior to induction to gaseous anesthetic. Pancuronium was used to facilitate nasotracheal intubation. A wandering atrial pacemaker and progressive hypocapnia, both of which were managed without complication, were the only problems encountered in the anesthetic procedure.
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PMID:General anesthesia and fragile X syndrome: report of a case. 293 7

We previously demonstrated that the caudoputamen was exclusively further damaged by hypocapnia in a rat with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion which is characterized by white matter lesions (WML) and a well-established model for patients with cerebrovascular diseases and/or dementia, and suggest that this process may be the cause of long lasting postoperative delirium or brain dysfunction in such patients. In the present study, we investigated whether ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, could attenuate the neuronal damage in the caudoputamen. Ketamine, at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, which was given intraperitoneally before hypocapnia induction, attenuated the aggravation of WML score, neuronal damage, and astroglial proliferation in the rat caudoputamen. These results suggest that ketamine may be beneficial for preventing postoperative brain dysfunction, especially in patients with cerebrovascular diseases and/or dementia induced by hypocapnia, which is likely to occur in the mechanical ventilation used during surgery.
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PMID:Ketamine attenuates hypocapnia-induced neuronal damage in the caudoputamen in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. 1469 74

The effects of ketamine (2 mg/kg) on cerebral blood (CBV) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, and the modification of ketamine's effects by pre- or posttreatment with hypocapnia (PaCO2 of 20-25 mm Hg) or diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) were determined in 26 dogs. In Group I (n = 7), the sequence of experimental treatments was as follows: control, ketamine, hypocapnia, and normocapnia. In Group II (n = 7), the sequence was control, hypocapnia, ketamine, and normocapnia. In Group III (n = 6), the sequence was control, ketamine, and diazepam. In Group IV In (n = 6), the sequence was control, diazepam, and ketamine. Ketamine alone increased CBV by 11.7 +/- 6.6 (Group III) to 12.4 +/- 6.9% (Group I) (mean +/- SD) and increased CSF pressure by 6.0 +/- 3.9 (Group I) to 10.7 +/- 5.2 (Group III) cm H2O. Pretreatment with hypocapnia or diazepam reduced CSF pressure and CBV so that when ketamine was administered after 15 min of hypocapnia or diazepam, CSF pressure and CBV rose only to prehypocapnia or prediazepam levels. When hypocapnia or diazepam were administered 15 min after ketamine, CSF pressure and CBV decreased to preketamine levels. For all treatments, CSF pressure changed in parallel with CBV in the absence of significant changes in PaCO2, expired CO2, or mean arterial blood pressure (except for a decrease of mean arterial blood pressure with diazepam pretreatment). We conclude the following: (a) ketamine increases CBV concomitant with increases in CSF pressure, (b) ketamine increases CBV and CSF pressure independent of significant change in PaCO2, and (c) pre- or posttreatment with hypocapnia or diazepam reverses ketamine-induced increase of CBV and CSF pressure in dogs with normal CSF pressure and no cerebrovascular damage.
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PMID:Cerebral blood volume and CSF pressure following administration of ketamine in dogs; modification by pre- or posttreatment with hypocapnia or diazepam. 1581 33