Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0085110 (SCID)
 11,041 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primate and non-primate species have been used to study the pathobiology of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), respectively, and to develop new therapeutic regimes. Transgenic mice which express either the entire HIV-1 provirus or subgenomic fragments have been used to analyze viral gene products in vivo and may serve as models for the development of agents targeted to select viral functions. Chimeric mice which were created by transplanting human hematolymphoid cells into mice suffering from congenital severe combined immunodeficiency (scid/scid or so called SCID mice), can be infected with HIV-1 and allow one to study the entire HIV-1 replicative cycle. Type C murine leukemia virus models have been used to develop new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies but their use is restricted to the evaluation of select antiviral drug inhibition, targeted to retroviral genes common to both Lentivirinae and Oncovirinae. The role of various animal model systems in the development of anti-HIV-1 and anti-AIDS therapies is summarized.
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PMID:Animal models for anti-AIDS therapy. 144 26

Gene therapy offers the potential for developing innovative new treatments for both inherited monogenic diseases as well as polygenic and acquired disorders. For most potential clinical applications, the technology has not yet progressed to the stage where it might be reasonably tested. Problems to be solved include the isolation and characterization of the genes involved, the development of gene delivery systems that will permit efficient gene insertion in the affected cells and tissues, and the development of mechanisms to control or appropriately regulate expression of the introduced genes. The primary immunodeficiency diseases as a group actually lend themselves to the development of gene therapy strategies with current technology more readily than almost any other class of disease. Theoretically any genetic disease that can be successfully treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is a potential candidate for gene therapy directed at correcting the patient's own totipotent bone marrow stem cells. In addition, some disorders lend themselves to genetic correction of more mature cells, although gene transfer in this treatment strategy might have to be repeated periodically. The rationale and preliminary results of the first gene therapy protocol for ADA deficiency SCID are described and strategies for developing somatic cell gene therapy for the other primary immunodeficiency diseases are discussed.
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PMID:Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiency disease. 144 89

For the sake of clarity and in agreement with the World Health Organization immunodeficiency classification, it is important to distinguish the congenital, inherited malformative lesions called generically 'thymic dysplasia' from the secondary, acquired changes, designated under the broad term of 'severe thymic atrophy'. Thymic dysplasia represents the archetype of thymic changes in cellular immunodeficiency, since there is no example of a thymic dysplasia associated with a normal T-cell function. Thymic dysplasia is observed in several inherited diseases, the most frequent of them being severe combined immunodeficiency. More than the depletion of lymphoid cells, the lack of differentiation of the thymic epithelium, responsible for the absence of Hassal's corpuscles, is the main and constant feature of this condition. Thymic dysplasia underscores the crucial role of the thymic epithelium in the normal differentiation of the T-cell population. Severe thymic atrophy is secondary to various causes, including prolonged protein malnutrition and immunosuppressive or cytotoxic drugs, graft versus host reaction and, chiefly today, chronic viral infection, especially with HIV-1. The morphological changes are similar and are characterized by a partial lymphoid depletion, involving mainly the CD1+ population, necrosis and calcification of epithelial cells, the frequent presence of plasma cells and, more significantly, fibrohyaline changes of the basement membrane of the vessels and thymic epithelium. The severity of the atrophic changes and the immunodeficiency-related manifestations depend on the duration of the aetiological factors and, more significantly, with their early occurrence, within the first months of life. The mechanisms underlying thymic atrophy are poorly understood. A primary impairment of lymphoid cells seems at present to be the most likely hypothesis.
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PMID:Thymic pathology in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. 146 48

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is one the causes of severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Treatment was, until now, based on bone marrow transplantation. HLA identical bone marrow transplantation yields excellent results while those of HLA haploidentical bone marrow transplantation are not so good. A new therapeutic approach was developed recently, consisting of the intramuscular infusion of ADA enzyme covalently linked to polyethylene glycol (PEG-ADA). We report the results of this treatment in a 14 month-old child presenting with a partial form of ADA deficiency revealed by an opportunistic infection. This treatment corrected the immunodeficiency and the biochemical abnormalities as well. PEG-ADA infusions were well tolerated. The onset of an immunization against the ADA enzyme led to a drop in immunologic functions, which could be partially overcome by more frequent (biweekly) administration of the product. After a 18 month-follow-up the child is doing well, living normally at home. PEG-ADA represents a possible alternative for children presenting with ADA deficiency without any available HLA identical donor.
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PMID:[Treatment of adenosine deaminase deficiency with adenosine deaminase combined with polyethylene glycol]. 149 22

Allogeneic fetal liver cell transplantation has been shown to be able to reconstitute lymphopoietic systems of mice when these systems are defective or destroyed. Lethally irradiated mice or mice with inherited severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) were grafted with 14 days gestation allogeneic fetal liver cells, then subjected to a follow-up for the immune tolerance to the donor and the normal or subnormal immune reconstitution allowing prevention of diabetes in NOD mice or cure of leukemia in AKR mice and of immunodeficiency in SCID mice. Briefly, when normal CBA mice were lethally irradiated and then grafted with allogeneic fetal liver cells from Balb/c mice, a specific immune tolerance was induced to donor skin grafts. Unrelated skin grafts were rejected and a response to antigens was observed in these chimeras. However, despite the capacity to develop hyperacute rejection of skin allografts, following hyperimmunization, these chimeric mice did not produce anti-H2 cytotoxic antibodies. In SCID mice (CB17), the immune reconstitution occurred when mice were grafted with allogeneic (C57/B16) as well as with syngeneic fetal liver cells. Human cells were found in SCID mice following implantation of human fetal liver and thymus cells. When NOD mice were irradiated, then grafted with allogeneic fetal liver cells, a large part of donor cells were found in NOD recipients, correlating with a low incidence of diabetes. Leukemic AKR mice grafted with allogeneic fetal liver cells had virtually no leukemia relapse, suggesting a strong graft-versus-leukemia effect following such a transplant.
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PMID:Fetal liver cell transplantation in various murine models. 150 74

While Ig+ B cells appear to be the principal cell type expressing immunogenic minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls) determinants, both T cells and B cells are capable of mediating deletion of developing Mls-reactive thymocytes. In addition, levels of mouse mammary tumor proviral transcripts are increased after B or T cell stimulation, and expression of functional Mls determinants is augmented by activation of B cells. These findings suggest Mls determinants are present on B and T lymphocytes, and that activation of B and T cells augments Mls expression. In the present study, we wished to determine whether B and T cells were required for expression of Mls determinants by examining mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) containing no detectable Ig+ B cells or TCR+ T cells, as well as animals that expressed the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) defect and lacked a subset of mature B cells. We found Mlsa-reactive V beta 6hi T cells were deleted from thymi of male (CBA/NxAKR/J)F1 xid mice, and that spleen cells from these animals stimulated anti-Mlsa mixed lymphocyte responses by unprimed B10.BR spleen T cells. In addition, Mlsc-reactive V beta 3hi AKR/J thymocytes and spleen T cells were deleted in AKR/J----SCID bone marrow chimeras, and spleen cells from SCID mice stimulated proliferation by an Mlsc-specific T cell clone. These results demonstrate that both xid mice and SCID animals express Mls determinants that mediate deletion of developing, Mls-responsive thymocytes and stimulate proliferation of mature, Mls-reactive T cells. Hence, mature B cells and T cells are not essential for Mls expression.
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PMID:Expression of Mls determinants in mice exhibiting the severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mutation or X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) defect. 150 83

Lymphocytes of female carriers of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID; McKusick 300400; HGM genetic locus designation SCIDX1) exhibit nonrandom X chromosome inactivation. This phenomenon reflects a tissue-specific selective disadvantage for lymphocyte progenitors with an XSCID mutation on the active X chromosome and presumably is analogous to the process that inhibits T-cell development in affected boys with a single XSCID-bearing X chromosome. We investigated the specificity of T-cell X chromosome inactivation pattern as an indicator of immunodeficiency carrier status, as follows: X-inactivation ratios determined in a control group of noncarrier women exhibited a wide range, 20%-86% of T-cells with the paternal X active. Maximum-likelihood analysis of these data suggested that, in humans, mature T-cells are derived from a small pool of only about 10 randomly inactivated stem cells. Despite the wide variability in normal X-inactivation ratios, X inactivation in XSCID carriers appeared far more markedly skewed. Therefore a maximum-likelihood odds-ratio test was developed and proved to be successful in predicting the carrier status of women in XSCID pedigrees. This test has made it possible to identify XSCID carriers among mothers of boys with the heterogeneous syndrome of sporadic severe combined immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Maximum-likelihood analysis of human T-cell X chromosome inactivation patterns: normal women versus carriers of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. 155 Jan 18

Aggressive B-cell lymphomas are occurring with increasing incidence among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several lines of evidence implicate both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and c-myc activation in the pathogenesis of a major subset of these tumors. These observations prompted our investigation of interactions among EBV, c-myc, and HIV in primary B cells. We show that nonimmortalized peripheral B lymphocytes from EBV-seropositive, HIV-seronegative donors can be infected by HIV and that a subset of these lymphocytes become transformed. Malignant transformation was documented by several criteria. These cells displayed altered growth properties, propagating in 1% serum and cloning in soft agar, and formed invasive tumors of Burkitt lymphoma phenotype after subcutaneous injection into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Such cells revealed marked enhancement of EBV DNA and RNA and of endogenous c-myc transcripts and protein. HIV-1 infection of already immortalized B-cell lines led to a similar upregulation of EBV and c-myc transcripts. These data indicate that HIV has properties of a transforming retrovirus, as it mediates two events linked to B-cell neoplasia: deregulation of c-myc and activation of EBV. They also raise the possibility of a role for HIV, apart from induction of immune suppression, in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus induction of malignant transformation in human B lymphocytes. 165 56

Certain bis(heteroaryl)piperazines (BHAPs) are potent inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) at concentrations lower by 2-4 orders of magnitude than that which inhibits normal cellular DNA polymerase activity. Combination of a BHAP with nucleoside analog HIV-1 RT inhibitors suggested that together these compounds inhibited RT synergistically. In three human lymphocytic cell systems using several laboratory and clinical HIV-1 isolates, the BHAPs blocked HIV-1 replication with potencies nearly identical to those of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine or 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine; in primary cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, concentrations of these antiviral agents were lower by at least 3-4 orders of magnitude than cytotoxic levels. The BHAPs do not inhibit replication of HIV-2, the simian or feline immunodeficiency virus, or Rauscher murine leukemia virus in culture. Evaluation of a BHAP in HIV-1-infected SCID-hu mice (severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with human fetal lymph node) showed that the compound could block HIV-1 replication in vivo. The BHAPs are readily obtained synthetically and have been extensively characterized in preclinical evaluations. These compounds hold promise for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that potently and specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. 171 88

1. The Omen-syndrome is not a disease on its own, but a complication of congenital SCID. 2. In contrast to patients with classical SCID, patients with Omenn-syndrome possess mature T-cells, which are either of maternal or of host origin. 3. These T-cells are involved in the pathogenesis of the characteristic tissue changes, in particular of skin and lymph nodes (Langerhans-histiocytosis with eosinophilia). 4. The detection of immunodeficiency in Omenn-syndrome is difficult since the lymph nodes are enlarged in contrast to patients with classical SCID. The histomorphological analysis of lymph nodes in Omenn-syndrome is considerably complicated by secondary changes closely resembling dermatopathic lymphadenopathia.
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PMID:[Pathogenesis and histomorphology of the so-called Omenn syndrome]. 172 13


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