Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effective and safe hypnotics exist especially since the introduction of benzodiazepines (BZD) which appeared to bring major advantages over barbiturates. Ideally a new hypnotic should induce and maintain sleep without producing residual effect during the day and should be devoid of abuse and dependence potential. Zopiclone is a new hypnotic belonging to the cyclopyrrolone chemical class. Its elimination half-life is 5 to 6 h, no accumulation exists upon repeated administration, and its pharmacokinetic profile is not substantially modified in elderly and renal failure patients. Placebo-controlled studies have shown that zopiclone 7.5 mg is an effective hypnotic, and that it can improve all sleep variables in insomniacs. Its effects on sleep stages differ from those observed with BZD hypnotics: REM sleep is substantially unaffected by zopiclone and slow wave sleep is either unaffected or increased. Objective and subjective measurements during the day after bedtime administration of zopiclone, showed lack of residual effects and no residual impairment of cognitive functions. Zopiclone discontinuation is not accompanied by rebound effect and relevant withdrawal symptoms. Specific "craving effect" studies in alcoholics did not show an abuse potential for zopiclone. Side-effects are represented mainly by bitter taste and dry mouth with a minimal incidence of CNS depressant effects. Studies on the effects of zopiclone on respiratory functions failed to show detrimental effects. Efficacy and safety data on zopiclone suggest that this new drug can represent a useful alternative to existing hypnotics.
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PMID:Zopiclone, the third generation hypnotic: a clinical overview. 220 26

The effects of therapy with the tricyclic antidepressant protriptyline were studied in 12 patients with hypersomnolence and moderately severe sleep apnea. After treatment there was no significant change in the duration or frequency of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during non-REM sleep, but there was an alteration in the breathing pattern characterized by a decrease in the amount of apnea during SDB events. Apnea, as a percent of disordered breathing time, fell from 60.4 +/- 27.2% to 35.5 +/- 26.7% (p less than 0.01) and was accompanied by a reduction in the peak fall in oxygen saturation from 16.2 +/- 6.2% to 9.2 +/- 4.7% (p less than 0.01). During REM sleep there was no change in the pattern, duration, or frequency of SDB, or reduction in the peak fall in oxygen saturation. However, there was a reduction in the amount of Stage REM sleep, thereby reducing the more severe SDB events (p less than 0.01) and further improving nocturnal oxygenation. In 10 of 12 patients, there was subjective improvement in daytime hypersomnolence, which was associated with an increase in median sleep onset time from 3.3 +/- 2.2 to 5.1 +/- 2.1 min (p less than 0.01). Although all patients developed mild side effects from the anticholinergic properties of protriptyline manifested by a dry mouth, 4 patients noted additional side effects including urinary hesitancy, mild constipation, and difficulty in maintaining an erection. One patient developed intolerable constipation that necessitated discontinuation of the drug. We conclude that protriptyline reduced daytime hypersomnolence and altered the pattern of SDB, thus improving gas exchange and oxygenation during sleep. Therefore, in selected patients with moderately severe obstructive sleep apnea, therapy with protriptyline is an alternative to surgical treatment with a tracheostomy.
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PMID:The effects of protriptyline in sleep-disordered breathing. 684 55

To determine the effects of protriptyline, a tricyclic non-sedative antidepressant, on sleep architecture, day and night arterial oxygen saturation and pulmonary function, ten patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were evaluated. Overnight polysomnographic measurements were made before and 2 to 4 months after Protriptyline (10-20 mg daily) therapy. The results showed that two patients could not tolerate the protriptyline. Protriptyline caused xerostomia in eight of 10 cases, dysuria in five of 10 cases. Protriptyline therapy did not alter sleep efficiency and sleep latency but shortened the REM sleep stage from 15.6% to 8.2% Even though protriptyline did not change simple spirometry comparing before and after therapy, protriptyline decreased delta SaO2 and increased lowest SaO2 and baseline PaO2. In conclusion, these results suggest that protriptyline may benefit COPD patients by improving nocturnal oxygenation and nocturnal desaturation events.
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PMID:[Effects of protriptyline on day and night time oxygenation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. 791 81

The present study assessed the potential of lip muscle training for improving sleep. A patient with heavy snoring, daytime sleepiness and dry mouth underwent lip muscle training. Lip closure force LCFmax increased by 67.3% and LCFmin by 152% post-training. AHI decreased from 12.2 to 3.9 events/h by reducing hypopneic episodes. TST, sleep stage N3 and REM sleep increased, and WASO, sleep stage N1, and AI decreased. The patient switched from mouth to nose breathing during sleep and stopped snoring. Improved LCF, by moving the tongue into the anterior-superior oral cavity, may increase upper airway space and reduce the hypopnea index.
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PMID:Lip muscle training improves obstructive sleep apnea and objective sleep: a case report. 2941 Jul 42