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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Water balance in the elderly is critical in preventing tissue dehydration. Negative water balance, occurring when more water is lost than is retained, results in a severe decrease in all secretions. This "drying out" of tissues and organs, including muscles and joints, may lead to premature aging. Xerostomia is a major cause of denture discomfort and failure. The prosthodontist is advised to inspect and, if possible, correct dehydration of the oral tissues prior to constructing the denture. Denture failures may often result more from tissue deficiencies in the aged than from technical inadequacies. Water balance is efficiently achieved in the elderly through ingestion of soups containing many of the solubilized nutrients essential to tissue health. This is more beneficial than merely increasing the intake of plain water or beverages.
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PMID:Geriatric nutrition II: Dehydration in the elderly. 29 Jul 99

Though previous experiments with fat-soluble carcinogens have demonstrated a protective effect of the saliva against chemically induced oral cancer it is not known if this also holds true for water-soluble carcinogenic agents. In vitro experiments indicate that the water-soluble 4NQO (4-nitrochinoline N-oxide) easily penetrates a layer of saliva similar with that normally present on the oral mucous membranes. It is possible that this quality, on intraoral applications of 4NQO, could eliminate the protective barrier of saliva. The protective effect of the saliva was examined in the present investigation. Xerostomia was induced in 15 rats and 4NQO was applied to the palate 3 times a week. After 4.7 months, on an average, palatal cancer appeared in all rats. In comparable investigations the result was 7 months with rats treated in an identical manner except for their salivary secretion remaining intact. This time difference represents approximately 33% of the time necessary for the development of oral cancer in normal rats by means of 4NQO. It was concluded, that a protective effect of the saliva exists whether the oral mucous membranes are attacked by water--or fat-soluble carcinogens.
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PMID:Experimental oral cancer in rats with xerostomia. 82 79

A 44-year-old female with 16-year history of rheumatoid arthritis visited Akiru Hospital with complaints of a thirst, a dry mouth and a general fatigue. One week prior to admission, the patient manifested excessive thirsty feeling, a body weight loss and a sleepless by the polyuria. She has been given 5-10 mg of prednisolone and 240 mg of lobenzarit disodium (CCA) in a day for 11 months. A hematologic examination showed no abnormality, and the examination of her serum showed the following values: BUN, 9.3 mg/dl; creatinine, 0.9 mg/dl; sodium, 139 mEq/l; chloride, 102 mEq/l; potassium, 3.9 mEq/l; osmolality, 290 mOsm/l. Plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level increased slightly (6.0 pg/ml). Examination of her urine revealed specific gravity, 1.005; no trace of glucose, protein, blood and ketones; normal sediment; and osmolality, 209 mOsm/l. The patient was given exogenous ADH (10 units of vasopressin tannate in oil, intramuscularly) to obtain a diagnosis, and she was found to be unable to concentrate her urine more than 1.008 in the specific gravity. A water restriction, as a test for diabetes insipidus, also failed to concentrate her urine in the specific gravity and in the osmolality. Together with these findings, the patient was diagnosed to be a diabetes insipidus, and CCA was seemed to account for the disease. This unfavorable effect of CCA appeared to be reversible, since the patient recovered her urinary concentrating ability after the medication of CCA was discontinued.
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PMID:[Lobenzarit disodium (CCA)--induced diabetes insipidus in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. 141 95

Thirst and drinking function to maintain body water balance and are basic to survival. Thirst is often associated with a dry unpleasant-tasting mouth and the feeling of a need to obtain water; it can result from dehydration, decreased vascular volume, dry mouth, pharmacologic agents, or inappropriate activation of the thirst mechanism. Drinking involves the motor activities that culminate in ingestion of liquids. Thirst sensation and drinking are influenced by many factors, including the temperature and taste of a liquid. Thirst may be discomforting in persons with limited fluid intake, diminished in some elderly persons, and inappropriate in persons who are compulsive water drinkers. Although nurses are commonly confronted with client complaints of thirst, there has been minimal nursing research that relates to assessment of thirst and drinking behaviors, nursing diagnoses for thirst, or nursing interventions for persons with altered thirst or drinking behaviors.
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PMID:Physiology of thirst and drinking: implication for nursing practice. 159 19

The lubrication properties of mucin and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-containing saliva substitutes and water were evaluated in a double-blind trial. After mouthrinsing with the substitutes, the patients answered a questionnaire (subjective effect) and the change of oral mucosal friction was measured with a probe (objective effect). Mucin and CMC-containing saliva substitutes showed almost the same objective effects, with changed friction values of about 15 min, which was more than twice as long as for water. Both water and the two saliva substitutes relieved the symptoms of dry mouth to some extent but they did not have a sufficiently long-lasting effect.
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PMID:Objective and subjective efficacy of saliva substitutes containing mucin and carboxymethylcellulose. 177 78

A double-blind, five phase, cross-over clinical trial was used to compare a mucin-based artificial saliva (Saliva Orthana) with its non-mucin base and water. Thirty patients, acting as their own controls, took part. Saliva Orthana offered significantly greater relief from xerostomia compared with its base or water, and was significantly better at relieving soreness than water. In terms of overall preference, it was ranked significantly higher than either alternative.
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PMID:A double-blind cross-over trial of a mucin-containing artificial saliva. 246 74

Strong premedication may prolong recovery and cause side-effects after short surgical procedures in general anaesthesia. To be operated without premedication may be unpleasant for the patient. Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine with rapid onset and short half-life. In a randomized study with 193 female patients, we compared the effects and side-effects of three different premedicants i.m.: midazolam, morphine-scopolamine (Mo-Scop) and placebo. Midazolam and Mo-Scop had an equal and significantly better effect than placebo on preoperative anxiety and alertness. Side-effects like nausea, dry mouth and prolonged recovery occurred significantly more often in the Mo-Scop than the midazolam or placebo groups. The midazolam-premedicated patients had significantly more amnesia compared with the other two groups. Only 3% of the patients would prefer no medication before anaesthesia, whereas 80% would prefer a combination of an anxiolytic and hypnotic premedication. Sixty-three percent of the patients would prefer a premedicant administered by injection. The results indicate that midazolam i.m. is an effective premedicant, with few side-effects, for short procedures in general anaesthesia.
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PMID:Premedication with midazolam in out-patient general anaesthesia. A comparison with morphine-scopolamine and placebo. 288 53

Following a survey of various methods used to register oral mucosal dryness--xerostomia--a new device, measuring surface slide friction, has been developed. An instrument is devised to register the twisting force as well as the force at right angle to the surface. Calculations from these parameters give standardized expressions for friction between the probe of the instrument and the oral mucosa. By using methylscopolamine, 3 students were tested for dryness in the mouth. The instrument showed a peak of increased friction after about 60 min. The reliability was tested by using various water solutions of a macromolecule as interphase between the instrument and the steel plate. These preliminary tests indicated that the instrument showed values of good validity and reliability. It should be further developed for registering oral mucosal dryness in clinical settings.
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PMID:Device for measuring dryness of the oral mucosa. A preliminary report. 347 32

This paper discusses methods for collection of both whole saliva and individual gland secretions, the normal ranges of salivary flow rate, the effects of physiological variables which influence flow rate, and the role of saliva in oral sugar clearance. The physiological basis for the sensation of dry mouth is discussed, and a new concept is advanced which states that the sensation of dry mouth will occur when the salivary flow rate is less than the sum of the rates of water absorption and evaporation from the mouth. In a study of the effects of anticholinergic agents on salivary flow, the subjects experienced the sensation of dry mouth when the normal flow rate of unstimulated saliva was reduced by from 40 to 50%.
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PMID:Physiological factors affecting salivary flow rate, oral sugar clearance, and the sensation of dry mouth in man. 347 29

The present study examined the effects of various substances on salivary secretion in 25 psychiatric inpatients suffering from depression or schizoprenic disorders. It is well known that tricyclic neuroleptics and anti-depressants lower the rate of salivary excretion and lead to hyposalivation and a dry mouth. The following methods were studied on their effect to compensate hyposalivation: Distigminbromid, sweets, Glandosane, a new synthetic saliva, and water which was gustatory adopted. Salivary flow was measured according to Matzker (7). Subjective feelings of thirst and mouth dryness were recorded by selfconstructed tests. Only Glandosane and Distigminbromid compensated mouth dryness. The recorded amount of salivary flow was within the range of normal controls. There were no significant correlations between the subjective test answers and the objective measurement of salivary rate. Improvement of depression by application of Glandosane could not be observed. Patients treated with Glandosane felt most comfortable whereas in those treated with Distigminbromid side effects as digestive disorders, urinary disorders and changes in perspiration were observed.
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PMID:[Treatment of drug-induced dryness of mouth in psychiatric pateints--a controlled comparative study (author's transl)]. 610 59


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