Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sibutramine and Orlistat are suitable "supporting drugs" for use in patients trying to lose weight. Orlistat reduces the absorption of fat from the intestine by about one-third. Over the long term too, the weight loss achieved under Orlistat (9%) has been greater than that seen under placebo (6.5%). Increased fat losses via the stools are associated with side effects and abandonment of treatment. Sibutramine inhibits the uptake of serotonin and noradrenaline in the synaptic gap, thus enhancing the CNS effects of these two transmitters, and prolonging the sensation of satiety. The most common side effects of sibutramine are dry mouth, headache and fatigue. The effects of sibutramine on weight reduction are similar to those of orlistat. For both drugs, the indications have been defined, and in the case of sibutramine, interactions with other medications have to be taken into account.
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PMID:[How safe are the new obesity drugs? Indications and contraindications of orlistat and sibutramine]. 1072 44

Past and current drug therapies for weight loss are discussed. More than 50% of Americans can be categorized as overweight or obese. Obesity is associated with increased mortality and with comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and certain cancers. According to guidelines for identification, evaluation, and treatment of obesity, patients with a body mass index (BMI) of > or = 30 kg/m2 should attempt to lose weight. Patients with a BMI of > or = 25 kg/m2 plus two or more risk factors or patients with an excessive waist circumference plus two or more risk factors should also attempt to lose weight. The initial goal is a 10% weight reduction in six months achieved through lifestyle changes. If lifestyle changes alone are not effective, then drug therapy may be indicated. Pharmacotherapeutic options for obesity have decreased over the past few years. Fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phenylpropanolamine have been withdrawn because of severe adverse effects, leaving only sympathomimetics, sibutramine, and orlistat as anorectics with FDA-approved labeling. Phentermine has been shown to cause a 5-15% weight loss if given daily or intermittently. Compared with sibutramine and orlistat, phentermine is cheaper, and specific formulations allow once-daily administration. However, phentermine is indicated only for short-term treatment, and tolerance often develops. Common adverse effects associated with phentermine are dry mouth, insomnia, increased blood pressure, and constipation. Sibutramine increases norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the CNS and should not be taken with many antidepressants because of the risk of increased norepinephrine and serotonin levels. Its use is also contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease. Orlistat is not systemically absorbed; therefore, it does not cause the systemic adverse effects or drug interactions of phentermine and sibutramine. Orlistat has a cholesterol-lowering effect not seen with other diet medications. However, the three-times-daily administration and frequent gastrointestinal effects limit its use. Sibutramine, phentermine, and orlistat have both positive and negative properties. Choosing among the medications will depend on concurrent disease states and medications, ease of administration, and cost.
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PMID:Pharmacologic options for the treatment of obesity. 1147 77

At present only two drugs are approved for long-term treatment of obesity. Sibutramine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. In clinical trials it produces a dose-dependent 5-10% decrease in body weight. Its side effects include dry mouth, insomnia, asthenia, and constipation. In addition, sibutramine produces a small increase in blood pressure and pulse that is a contraindication to the use of this drug in some individuals with heart disease. Xenical is the other drug approved for long-term use in the treatment of obesity. It works by blocking lipase and thus increasing the fecal loss of triglyceride. One valuable consequence of this mechanism of action is the reduction of serum cholesterol that averages about 5% more than can be accounted for by weight loss alone. In clinical trials it produces a 5-10% loss of weight. Its side effects are entirely due to undigested fat in the intestine that can lead to increased frequency and change in the character of stools. It can also lower fat-soluble vitamins. The ingestion of a vitamin supplement before bedtime is a reasonable treatment strategy. The effect on weight loss during long-term trials with these two drugs is shown in Figs 7 and 8 above. Also in this figure is data on phentermine used in trials of six months or more. Although there were differences in mean weight losses with these drugs, when the placebo effect was taken into account they all had a surprisingly similar magnitude of weight loss.
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PMID:Drug treatment of obesity. 1172 27

Obesity is a global health problem affecting all age groups, leading to many complications such as type 2 diabetes, systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Physiologically, obesity arises from metabolic changes in the tissues and organs of the human body; these changes result in an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, which in turn results in increased fat accumulation in adipose tissue. Such fat accumulation predisposes individuals to development of several health problems. Two different obesity treatment drugs are currently on the market; Orlistat, which reduces intestinal fat absorption via inhibiting pancreatic lipase, and Sibutramine, an anorectic or appetite suppressant. Both drugs have hazardous side effects, including increased blood pressure, dry mouth, constipation, headache, and insomnia. For this reason, a wide variety of natural materials have been explored for their obesity treatment potential. Therefore, the present review focuses on the safety and efficacy of some herbal medicines in the management of obesity through covering their beneficial effects and mechanism of action.
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PMID:Obesity and Clinical Riskiness Relationship: Therapeutic Management by Dietary Antioxidant Supplementation--a Review. 2586 85