Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effectiveness of hydroxyzine in the suppression of allergic rhinitis symptoms was evaluated using a double-blind, parallel study design during the 1977 ragweed season. Forty-three subjects with positive ragweed skin tests and a history of an exacerbation of symptoms during August and September of the previous two years were randomly assigned to receive either hydroxyzine or placebo. Subjects scored the severity and duration of symptoms in a daily diary and adverse effects were evaluated from a structured interview at two-week intervals. Although drowsiness and dry mouth were frequent initially among the hydroxyzine-treated patients, these minor side effects rapidly disappeared as the dose was slowly increased, and all but one subject tolerated 150 mg/day. Subsequently, during the period of the highest ragweek pollen counts, the hydroxyzine-treated group spent significantly more days free of symptoms or with only mild sneezing, rhinorrhea, and eye symptoms than subjects who took placebo (p less than 0.05). Thus, hydroxyzine appeared to be well tolerated on a continuous daily basis and was effective in suppressing most of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Comparison of hydroxyzine with antihistamines more traditionally used for allergic rhinitis appears warranted.
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PMID:Suppression of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms with daily hydroxyzine. 36 20

A multicentered trial compared the effects of the non-sedating antihistamine, loratadine, 5 mg plus pseudoephedrine 120 mg with a placebo on the signs and symptoms of the common cold. One hundred forty-two (142) subjects were treated with the loratadine/pseudoephedrine combination and 141 subjects were treated with placebo twice daily for five days. Evaluations by both subjects and physicians suggest that this antihistamine/decongestant combination is superior to placebo in relieving symptoms of the common cold. Specific differences were found in symptoms including nasal congestion, sneezing, postnasal drainage, and nasal discharge. Differences between groups for the following side effects were found: dry mouth (9% for the combination vs 2% for placebo), insomnia (6% vs 3%), and nervousness (4% vs 2%). There were no differences between groups for the frequency of drowsiness.
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PMID:The effectiveness of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in the symptomatic management of the common cold. 252 99

The efficacy and safety of an extended-release combination of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine sulfate (SCH 434) was compared with that of a tablet containing chlorpheniramine maleate plus pseudoephedrine sulfate (CTM-D) in 131 patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either SCH 434 (loratadine 5 mg and pseudoephedrine sulfate 120 mg) or CTM-D (chlorpheniramine maleate 12 mg and pseudoephedrine sulfate 120 mg) twice daily for 2 weeks. Evaluations were made after 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment. Demographics (age, race, sex, and duration of seasonal allergic rhinitis) and baseline total symptom scores were comparable between groups. Both combination products were effective in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Improvement in total symptom scores was 54% on day 3 and 65% on day 14 in the SCH 434 group versus 57% on day 3 and 64% on day 14 in the CTM-D group. Individual symptom scores (nasal discharge, stuffiness, nasal itching, sneezing, and ocular symptoms) responded similarly. A smaller proportion of patients in the SCH 434 group reported side effects, especially dry mouth (7% vs 19%, P = 0.07), fatigue (6% vs 25%, P < 0.01), and sedation (7% vs 22%, P < 0.03). In conclusion, the combination of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine sulfate was equally as effective as a classic antihistamine (chlorpheniramine maleate) plus pseudoephedrine sulfate but had a lower incidence of side effects.
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PMID:Comparative study of SCH 434 and CTM-D in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. 791 2

We used a rhinovirus challenge model to test the therapeutic efficacy of clemastine fumarate for reducing sneezing and nasal secretion in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Clemastine fumarate (1.34 mg) or placebo was administered at 8 A.M. and 8 P.M. for 4 days, beginning 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, and 60 hours after viral challenge. Infected evaluable subjects who received clemastine (n = 75) had reduced sneeze-severity scores compared with those who received placebo (n = 75) on illness days 2 (0.3 vs. 0.5; P = .003), 3 (0.4 vs. 0.8; P = .0003), 4 (0.3 vs. 0.5; P = .025), and 5 (0.1 vs. 0.3; P = .03); sneeze counts for infected evaluable subjects (vs. counts for those who received placebo) were reduced on illness days 2 (1.5 vs. 3.1; P = .01), 3 (1.7 vs. 5.6; P = .0001), and 5 (0.7 vs. 1.9; P = .03). Infected evaluable subjects who received treatment had reduced rhinorrhea scores (compared with those who received placebo) on illness days 2 (0.7 vs. 1.0; P = .04) and 3 (0.6 vs. 0.9; P = .04) and had reduced nasal secretion weights on day 3 (3.6 g vs. 6.3 g; P = .03). Over 4 days of treatment, mean sneeze scores for infected evaluable subjects (vs. scores for those who received placebo) were reduced by 50%, mean sneeze counts by 57%, mean rhinorrhea scores by 27%, and mean nasal secretion weights by 35%. Other cold symptoms were unaffected by treatment. Treatment with clemastine was associated with an excess incidence of dry mouth (6%), dry nose (19%), and dry throat (17%).
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PMID:Randomized controlled trial of clemastine fumarate for treatment of experimental rhinovirus colds. 872 5

396 adult and adolescent patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis participated in this randomised double-blind parallel-group study in which the efficacy and tolerability of ebastine 10 or 20mg administered once daily in the morning or evening for 3 weeks were compared with those of placebo. Clinical efficacy was assessed by measuring improvement in rhinitis symptoms (nasal discharge, nasal stuffiness, sneezing, itchy nose and itchy/watery eyes) recorded by patients twice daily on diary cards. The improvement in individual and total symptom scores at the end of the 3-week treatment period in patients treated with ebastine 10mg in the morning or ebastine 20mg in the morning or evening was significantly greater than the improvement in placebo recipients. The 20mg dose of ebastine administered in the morning was associated with the greatest improvement in symptom scores. There was no significant effect with the 10mg evening dose compared with placebo. Ebastine was well tolerated by the majority of patients - the incidence of adverse events, including headache, dry mouth, somnolence and asthenia being similar to that reported in placebo recipients. Electrocardiograms showed no evidence of any clinically relevant changes in QTc intervals. In a subsequent nonblinded 4-month study that included 230 patients from the initial study, global evaluations at monthly intervals showed overall symptom improvement in > or = 72% of patients who received ebastine 10mg or 20mg once daily. The drug was well tolerated during prolonged therapy, with adverse events being similar in nature and incidence to those reported in the 3-week double-blind study. In conclusion, ebastine 10mg once daily in the morning is an appropriate starting dose for the treatment of rhinitis, and this can be increased to 20mg as required.
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PMID:Clinical studies of the efficacy and tolerability of ebastine 10 or 20 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in the US. 882 22

The efficacy of the second generation antihistamine ebastine has been investigated in the treatment and prevention of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). In a double-blind randomised study, patients treated with a single daily dose of ebastine 10mg (n = 116) for 2 weeks showed a significant improvement in symptoms of SAR compared with those treated with placebo (n = 85). Sneezing, rhinorrhoea, tears and conjunctival irritation were all significantly improved, but not blocked nose. The overall efficacy of treatment was judged to be significantly superior in the ebastine group. There was no increase in bodyweight at the end of the study in either of the groups. There was no increase bodyweight at the end of the study in either of the groups. The percentage of patients reporting adverse events were headache, somnolence, nausea, dry mouth, stomach upset and increased appetite. The efficacy of ebastine 10 mg/day (n = 111) was similar to that of astemizole 10 mg/day (n = 106) over a 4-month period in preventing the symptoms of SAR in the open randomised study. The efficacy of both drugs in preventing the onset of sneezing, rhinorrhoea, blocked nose and tears was significant, when symptoms were compared with those during the previous year. At the end of the study, the astemizole-treated patients had a significant increase in bodyweight, which was not observed in the ebastine group. The percentage of patients reporting adverse events was significantly greater in the astemizole group (34.9% versus 20.7%; p = 0.02). Thus, ebastine is a useful alternative treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis. It has also shown efficacy comparable to that of astemizole in the prevention of onset of symptoms of this allergic condition, and appears to be better tolerated than this agent.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy of ebastine in the treatment and prevention of seasonal allergic rhinitis. 882 25

The aim of the study was to assess efficacy and safety of 5 mg loratadine/120 mg pseudoephedrine combination drug in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. 30 patients allergic to grass pollen were treated with the new drug (Clarinase) twice a day in 15-day study during grass pollen seasonal. Nasal an non-nasal symptoms were evaluated for efficacy. Loratadine/pseudoephedrine combination effected a significant decrease in total symptoms score as well as individual evaluated symptoms score: nasal stuffiness, itching and discharge, sneezing, eye itching, tearing and redness of the eyes. The treatments was well tolerated. No serious side effects were noticed. The incidence of mild sedation, dry mouth, insomnia and nervousness was only 3 to 7 percent. 5 mg loratadine plus 120 mg pseudoephedrine was safe and effective in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the efficiency and safety of the loratadine with pseudoephedrine combination drug in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis]. 963 91

Detrusor instability, or urinary incontinence, is common in elderly patients, particularly elderly women. The clinical symptoms of overactive, or unstable, urinary bladder include urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency. Mixed urinary incontinence, which comprises urge urinary incontinence and stress incontinence, is manifested by increased intraabdominal pressure on coughing or sneezing. The detrusor muscle of the bladder is under the control of the parasympathetic, or muscarinic, nervous system. The drug of choice in this condition is oxybutynin chloride, which has the ability to block acetylcholine released from parasympathetic nerves in the urinary bladder, preventing contractions of the muscle and exerting a direct spasmolytic effect on the bladder. A new extended-release oral tablet formulation, OROS oxybutynin, uses osmotic pressure to deliver the drug at a controlled rate over approximately 24 hours. It resembles a conventional tablet but has a two-part core consisting of a drug layer and below it, a "push" layer containing osmotically active components, the whole surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with a laser-drilled opening in the drug side. Water in the gastrointestinal tract enters the tablet and mixes with the drug to form a suspension. The "push" layer expands and pushes the suspended drug out of the orifice and into the gastrointestinal tract for eventual absorption. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated a slow rise in mean plasma concentration of the isomer R-oxybutynin for 4 to 6 hours after a single dose of OROS oxybutynin, followed by maintenance of steady concentrations for up to 24 hours, minimizing the fluctuations between peak and trough associated with TID dosing of 5-mg immediate-release oxybutynin tablets. Efficacy and safety studies comparing the extended-release with the immediate-release formulation of oxybutynin demonstrated equivalent efficacy in patients with overactive urinary bladder. The adverse-event profile of oxybutynin is similar to that of a typical anticholinergic agent such as atropine--dry mouth, constipation, somnolence, blurred vision, headache, and gastrointestinal pain--although in 2 clinical studies, the incidence of dry mouth was less with the extended-release formulation. Once-daily dosing with OROS oxybutynin appears to be well tolerated and effective, as well as convenient, for the treatment of overactive bladder, particularly for elderly patients using multiple medications.
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PMID:An extended-release formulation of oxybutynin chloride for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder. 1036 30

Cetirizine is the carboxylated metabolite of hydroxyzine, and has high specific affinity for histamine H(1) receptors. Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts directly on alpha-adrenergic receptors. black triangle Cetirizine/pseudoephedrine 5/120 mg twice daily was significantly more effective than intranasal budesonide 100 microg or placebo at improving nasal obstruction, nasal patency and reducing the volume of nasal secretion, and was significantly more effective than intranasal xylometazoline 0.1% with respect to nasal secretion, during house dust mite faeces challenge in three randomised, cross- over studies among volunteers with seasonal or perennial rhinitis. The onset of action of cetirizine/pseudoephedrine was reported to be approximately 30 minutes. black triangle The bioavailability of cetirizine and pseudoephedrine is similar after administration of cetirizine/pseudoephedrine 5/120 mg bilayer tablets or coadministration of cetirizine 5 mg tablets plus pseudoephedrine sustained-release (SR) 120 mg caplets. black triangle Cetirizine 5mg plus pseudoephedrine SR 120 mg twice daily for 2 to 3 weeks was significantly more effective than each drug given alone at reducing mean total symptom scores for seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis in two randomised, double-blind, multicentre trials. In both studies, the mean proportion of days during which the five measured symptoms (nasal obstruction, sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal pruritus and ocular pruritus) were absent or mild was significantly greater in recipients of the cetirizine plus pseudoephedrine SR. black triangle In one study, cetirizine 5 mg plus pseudoephedrine SR 120 mg was significantly more effective at reducing nasal obstruction than either drug alone. black triangle Cetirizine 5mg plus pseudoephedrine SR 120 mg twice daily for 2 to 3 weeks was well tolerated in patients with seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis. The most common adverse events were dry mouth, insomnia, headache, somnolence, asthenia and nervousness.
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PMID:Cetirizine/pseudoephedrine. 1177 35