Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty-six surgical patients self-administered i.v. narcotic analgesics to combat postoperative pain. Analgesic demand per h was 2.7 +/- 1.1 mg of morphine, 26 +/- 10 mg of pethidine or 2.3 +/- 0.8 mg of ketobemidone, which reflects the equianalgesic ratios. Acute respiratory depression was seen in two hypovolaemic patients as evidenced by a raised PaCO2 on air breathing. Carbon dioxide retention disappeared upon correction of hypovolaemia. Late respiratory complications of short duration were encountered in 13%. Drowsiness and dry mouth were the most frequent complaints. Self-administered analgesia was considered highly satisfactory by the patients.
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PMID:Patient-controlled analgesic therapy: clinical experience. 612 76

Triazolam is a sedative/hypnotic triazolobenzodiazepine, structurally related to alprazolam. Recently, it has been approved for the short-term management of insomnia characterized by difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and/or early morning awakenings. Triazolam is metabolized with a half-life of 1.5-5.0 hours. Its one active metabolite, which appears in low concentrations and is inactivated rapidly, is not thought to contribute to its pharmacologic activity. Triazolam has been shown to decrease sleep latency and the number of nocturnal awakenings while increasing total sleep time in patients with insomnia. Sleep electroencephalogram studies show that triazolam has no effect on delta-sleep (Stages 3 and 4) and has variable effects on rapid-eye-movement sleep. Nighttime administration of triazolam increases daytime alertness in insomniacs and improves or has no effect on performance. The reported side effects are similar to those of other benzodiazepines and include drowsiness, dizziness, and dry mouth. The recommended dosage of triazolam is 0.25-0.5 mg hs. A reduced initial dose of 0.125 mg should be used in geriatric patients.
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PMID:New drug evaluations. Triazolam. 613 90

In a 4-week double-blind study comparing alprazolam with diazepam treatments, 48 outpatients suffering from mild to moderate generalized anxiety were evaluated after a 5-day placebo washout, and then after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of treatment. The optimal therapeutic doses without excessive sedation averaged 2 mg for alprazolam and 15.8 mg for diazepam. Results from the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Clinical Global Impression Scale, a behavior checklist questionnaire, and a symptomatic patients' self-rating scale indicated that patients improved in both treatment groups. Results from the comparative phase suggest that diazepam is more efficient than alprazolam in the reduction of several symptoms of anxiety and depression in particular. Assuming that the first 2-week ratings depend on accuracy of dose adjustment and that week 4 ratings are an important evaluation of long-term efficacy, results from this study suggest that adequate control of anxiety is obtained more readily with diazepam and that symptoms of depression might benefit more from that drug. Few side effects were reported: mainly, drowsiness, tremor, light- headedness , and dry mouth. A toxic reaction to alprazolam, possibly allergic, was observed. Either alprazolam or diazepam appeared to be effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, and the statistically significant differences between the two drugs were not clinically striking.
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PMID:Alprazolam and diazepam in the treatment of generalized anxiety. 614 26

Halazepam is a new benzodiazepine derivative that is molecularly similar to chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. Animal studies indicated that halazepam produces sedative and antianxiety effects with less toxicity than chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. Computer EEG and somatosensory evoked potential studies demonstrated that halazepam has a significant effect on the EEG, characteristic of changes that occur with benzodiazepines. In initial clinical studies, halazepam exhibited not only anxiolytic properties but also reduced symptoms of depression and had a therapeutic effect on epilepsy. In preliminary, uncontrolled clinical trials, halazepam was effective in ameliorating anxiety and tension in alcoholic and acute schizophrenic patients, with few adverse effects. Later double-blind studies generally demonstrated that halazepam is significantly superior to placebo in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and tension. Most comparative studies indicate that halazepam is equal to or more effective than diazepam with a lower frequency of side effects. Halazepam does not increase hostility and aggression, as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam have been shown to do, and it is effective in both situational and characterologic anxiety. Drowsiness and slight dry mouth are the only side effects reported in more than isolated instances, although geriatric patients may frequently become ataxic with higher doses.
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PMID:Pharmacology, efficacy, and adverse effects of halazepam, a new benzodiazepine. 615 91

A double-blind, randomized clinical study was conducted in thirty-four out-patients suffering from major depressive disorders comparing zimelidine with amitriptyline. The dosage was flexible, maintenance doses varying between 50-150 mg in the amitriptyline group and 50-300 mg in the zimelidine group. After a wash-out period of at least a week the mean score in Hamilton Rating Scale for depression (HRS) was 22.2 for zimelidine and 21.9 for amitriptyline. During the treatment period of 6 weeks, zimelidine and amitriptyline appeared to be equally effective as antidepressants in HRS and Global Ratings. The zimelidine group showed significantly less somnolence and dry mouth. No clinically important changes were seen in the laboratory parameters during the study.
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PMID:A double-blind comparison of zimelidine and amitriptyline in depressive out-patients. 621 41

A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of nabilone versus chlorpromazine was performed in 20 patients with advanced gynaecological cancer who received chemotherapy including cis-platinum. Each patient served as his own control. Nabilone was administered at a dose of 3 mg given orally three times a day, starting the day before cis-platinum and ending the day after. Chlorpromazine was administered at a dose of 12.5 mg given IM, 15 minutes before the start of cis-platinum. Nabilone, in comparison with chlorpromazine did not significantly reduce the number of vomiting. Ten patients preferred nabilone, 5 preferred chlorpromazine and 3 were undecided. Predominant side effects noted by patients were similar for both agents and included somnolence, dry mouth and orthostatic hypotension. No other intervention besides reassurance of the patient was necessary to treat these adverse reactions.
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PMID:[Randomized comparative trial of a new anti-emetic: nabilone, in cancer patients treated with cisplatin]. 631 6

Upper half body irradiation (UHBI) was given to 41 of 121 patients with extensive small cell carcinoma of the lung. All patients were treated with 6 courses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine (CAV). Responding patients also received prophylactic cranial irradiation and local irradiation to prechemotherapy intrathoracic disease. Among the 70% (85/121) of patients who responded to chemotherapy, 41 have received UHBI, given one to two months later. The single fraction midline dose given has been increased in successive patients from 300 to 720 cGy (uncorrected for inhomogeneities). Actual lung doses were higher by 9-22%, (determined in 31 patients by CT scanning and lung density measurements). Adverse effects seen were vomiting, fever, drowsiness, myelosuppression, liver dysfunction and dry mouth. All were transient, and no pneumonitis or treatment deaths occurred. Adverse effect rates were similar at all dose levels. UHBI is well tolerated in patients who have received chemotherapy and merits further study.
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PMID:Upper half body irradiation (UHBI) for extensive small cell carcinoma of the lung. 631 60

We compared the patient acceptance and efficacy of 60 mg extended-release fenfluramine and placebo before the evening meal in a 10-week, double-blind trial. All 51 participants were 130% to 180% of ideal body weight. They received instruction in diet and behavior modification for 2 wk before the beginning of and during the medication period. Mean weight loss was 5.9 kg (8.0 +/- 4.6% of initial weight) in the fenfluramine group and 3.3 kg (5.5 +/- 3.5%) in the placebo group. Fenfluramine-treated participants reported lower hunger ratings and greater fullness in the target supper-to-bedtime period than participants receiving placebo. Both groups reported dry mouth, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, and diarrhea. Although the fenfluramine group reported more complaints, these diminished to less than half after 2 wk of treatment. Four of the fenfluramine and three of the placebo group dropped out for drug-related reasons. In all, 10 fenfluramine and 8 placebo participants dropped out. Fenfluramine participants had a higher benefit score with no difference in risk scores. The fenfluramine group's global evaluation was better than that of the placebo group. Participants viewed the study and the dosing regimen positively but had negative ideas about anorexiants in general. Extended-release fenfluramine taken in the evening was well tolerated and maintained its efficacy as measured by standard and novel techniques.
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PMID:Extended-release fenfluramine: patient acceptance and efficacy of evening dosing. 634 Sep 9

Guanabenz is an orally active central alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. Its antihypertensive action is thought to result from a decrease in sympathetic outflow from the brain to the peripheral circulatory system as a result of stimulation of central alpha 2-adrenoceptors. In mild to moderate hypertension it is as effective as methyldopa and clonidine in lowering blood pressure when used as the sole treatment. As with these drugs, guanabenz may be combined with a diuretic to increase its blood pressure-lowering effect. The overall incidence of side effects seen with guanabenz was at least as high as with methyldopa or clonidine, and side effects such as drowsiness or dry mouth have been bothersome enough to lead to discontinuation of guanabenz therapy in some patients. However, particularly troublesome effects such as sodium retention, depression or sexual dysfunction which may occur with methyldopa or clonidine have not been reported with guanabenz.
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PMID:Guanabenz. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension. 635 37

Eighty-one severely hypertensive patients were enrolled in a multicenter, double-blind, parallel group study evaluating the efficacy and safety of labetalol alone or in combination with furosemide versus methyldopa in combination with furosemide. A one day to four week placebo lead-in phase was followed by a one- to six-week titration period and a one-year maintenance period. Treatment with labetalol alone or in combination with furosemide, as well as methyldopa plus furosemide, was associated with significant reductions in supine and standing blood pressure levels. Moreover, after six months and one year of treatment, respectively, labetalol caused a significantly (p less than 0.05) greater reduction in the systolic blood pressure than the methyldopa regimen. The antihypertensive effect of labetalol was associated with small, yet significant reductions in heart rate; in contrast, resting tachycardia was observed in methyldopa-treated patients. Side effect profiles of the two treatments were different, with nausea being the most commonly reported side effect during labetalol therapy, and asthenia, somnolence, and dry mouth during methyldopa therapy. Overall, 33 of 65 (53 percent) labetalol-treated and 28 of 60 (47 percent) methyldopa-treated patients had at least a good response (that is, standing diastolic blood pressure 90 to 94 mm Hg) to therapy, including 26 (40 percent) and 22 (37 percent) patients, respectively, who had standing diastolic blood pressure levels of less than 90 mm Hg. Thus, labetalol is a potentially safe and effective agent in the long-term management of the patient with severe hypertension.
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PMID:Treatment of severe hypertension with labetalol compared with methyldopa and furosemide. Results of a long-term, double-blind, multicenter trial. 635 3


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