Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The safety and efficacy of indoramin and prazosin added to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were compared in a double-blind trial involving 209 patients with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension. Patients whose supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) did not decrease to less than or equal to 90 mm Hg after 6 weeks of HCTZ therapy had indoramin or prazosin added to their regimen. Mean SDBP during 6 months of combination therapy with either regimen decreased by approximately 10 mm Hg from that at the final evaluation during HCTZ therapy (p less than 0.001); differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Mean heart rate was unchanged, whereas mean weight increased (p less than 0.001) above final HCTZ values by approximately 2 kg in both groups. Mean weight increased significantly (p less than 0.01) from baseline values, however, only in the prazosin/HCTZ group. Approximately 95% of the patients in each group had clinically significant decreases in SDBP. Fatigue or tiredness and dizziness were the most commonly reported adverse effects, and their frequencies were not significantly different in the two groups. Cardiac arrhythmias occurred only in patients in the prazosin/HCTZ group and were significantly (p less than 0.05) more frequent than among patients in the indoramin/HCTZ group; less severe adverse experiences, i.e., dry mouth, ejaculatory problems, drowsiness, and sedation, were significantly (p less than 0.05) more frequent in the indoramin/HCTZ group. When added to HCTZ, indoramin and prazosin are equally safe and effective in the treatment of hypertension.
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PMID:Antihypertensive effects of indoramin and prazosin in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. 242 99

Serious complications of treatment in hypertensive crises have been reported for nearly all drugs, so that testing of further antihypertensive drugs in the management of hypertensive emergencies is desirable. In the present study, the clinical efficacy and effects on cardiac function of intravenously infused clonidine were tested in 20 hypertensives with severely elevated blood pressure (diastolic blood pressure over 130 mm Hg). In all patients, the normalization of blood pressure was achieved together with a reduction in total and peripheral vascular resistance. Heart rate showed a slight and brief decrease. Cardiac performance (determined by radionuclide angiocardiography) was improved as indicated by the significant increase in ejection fraction and decrease in both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes. The dosage of clonidine was progressively increased until a normal blood pressure (mean blood pressure less than or equal to 105 mm Hg) was obtained. The total mean dose required for control of blood pressure was 403 +/- 97.8 micrograms, administered over a mean period of 32 +/- 5.9 min. Side effects, represented by dry mouth and drowsiness, were well tolerated and of short duration. It is concluded that clonidine is an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.
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PMID:Treatment of hypertensive emergencies: classic and newer approaches. 242 13

In order to investigate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with flupirtine in patients with chronic pain, in particular arthrosis and arthritis, a study was planned which, when completed, will encompass the treatment of 200 patients over a 12-month period. The present paper is a preliminary report of this ongoing study. The report deals with 104 patients: 55 of whom completed the 12-month treatment period and a 2-week follow-up phase, during which flupirtine was replaced by placebo in order to be able to detect drug-withdrawal effects. Forty nine patients withdrew from the study. Most of the patients were suffering from degenerative rheumatic arthrosis or inflammatory rheumatic arthritis. The average daily dosage was 300 mg. The incidence of drop-outs was highest in the first months with hardly any patients withdrawing in the last six months. Fifteen patients dropped out because of side effects (dizziness, nausea, sleep disturbances, and headache). Ten patients dropped out because of ineffectiveness, seven because of side effects plus ineffectiveness, and three because of side effects and other reasons. The remaining 14 patients dropped out because of other or non-medical reasons. For the 55 patients who completed the study, the analgesic took effect within 45 minutes to 2 hours, the duration of effect was 4-6 hours. Three-quarters of the patients responded to the drug, one-quarter did not. The analgesic effect remained constant during the 12-month treatment, as did the average number of capsules taken per month. There was no evidence that tolerance developed. The most frequent side effects were drowsiness (9% of patients), dizziness (11%), dry mouth (5%) and pruritus (9%). The withdrawal symptom scale completed every month during treatment (to determine baseline values) and every day throughout the 2-week placebo post-treatment phase showed no changes in the median. The mean value increased during the withdrawal phase, however, indicating that the symptomatology was more pronounced in some subjects. After withdrawal, the non-specific symptoms increased to a greater extent than symptoms from the opiate scale. The symptoms were present throughout the withdrawal phase. If the withdrawal phenomena had corresponded to the flupirtine's terminal half-life, then the symptoms ought to have been present mainly in the first few days. There was a slight trend for lowering systolic blood pressure but no changes in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate, nor changes in the ECG or laboratory analysis that could be related to flupirtine. These preliminary data suggest that flupirtine is safe when given for a period of one year.
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PMID:On the adverse reactions and efficacy of long-term treatment with flupirtine: preliminary results of an ongoing twelve-month study with 200 patients suffering from chronic pain states in arthrosis or arthritis. 245 18

We have treated 128 patients aged 40 +/- 9 years (60 males and 68 females), all with essential hypertension (W.H.O. I and II), over a period of 10 yr. The treatment was performed with clonidine at a dose that ranged from 0.150 to 1,200 mg (twice daily). Forty-two patients also received a diuretic (HCTZ 25 mg daily). Mean blood pressure decreased significantly from 169 +/- 10 mm Hg systolic, 107 +/- 3 diastolic to 145 +/- 6 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) 90 +/- 3 mm Hg diastolic (p less than 0.001). Side effects occurred during the first month. These were drowsiness 28%, dry mouth 35%, constipation 13%, dizziness 9%, postural hypotension 2%, and male impotence 3.3% (2/60). Side effects still present after 120 months of treatment were drowsiness 11.7%, dry mouth 26.6%, constipation 14.1%, dizziness 4.7%, and male impotence 1.7% (1/59). The number of patients who discontinued treatment resulting from side effects were 3.34%, all of them within the first 6 months. There were no changes in renal or liver function or in serum electrolytes or lipids. Retinopathy improved in most patients. Electrocardiogram (ECG) improved in 45 patients with LVH. It is concluded that clonidine provided sustained blood pressure control with minimum side effects during 10-year therapy for hypertension.
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PMID:Safety aspects of long-term antihypertensive therapy (10 years) with clonidine. 245 59

Nitrendipine is a new calcium antagonist of the 1,4-dihydropyridine group with strong vasodilating properties. In a randomized trial involving 45 patients, whose mean blood pressure was 236 +/- 24/129 +/- 21 mm Hg, 5 mg nitrendipine (given sublingually via a phiole) was compared with 20 mg nifedipine (given sublingually via two pierced 10-mg capsules) and 0.15 mg clonidine (given intravenously). Blood pressure and heart rate were assessed for 8 h after intake of the antihypertensive agents. Within 60 min, nitrendipine reduced blood pressure by an average of 78 +/- 17 mm Hg for the systolic and 42 +/- 12 mm Hg for the diastolic. Heart rate fell significantly from 106 +/- 17 to 87 +/- 11 beats/min. Nifedipine produced equivalent falls in systolic (-72 +/- 15 mm Hg) and diastolic (-41 +/- 11 mm Hg) blood pressure, but increased heart rate from 89 +/- 13 to 103 +/- 14 beats/min within 1 h. Intravenous administration of clonidine lowers systolic (-84 +/- 13 mm Hg) and diastolic (-35 +/- 10 mm Hg) blood pressure within 60 min. Heart rate decreased from 96 +/- 15 to 84 +/- 9 beats/min. The antihypertensive effect of each drug was maintained until 8 h after medication. Main side effects were observed in the nifedipine group (flush and reflex tachycardia) and in the clonidine group (dry mouth and drowsiness). In conclusion, nitrendipine, nifedipine, and clonidine show similar efficacy in the treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. However, sublingual application of the calcium antagonists is simple and safe; moreover, nitrendipine is better tolerated than nifedipine and clonidine.
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PMID:Treatment of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies with nitrendipine, nifedipine, and clonidine: effect on blood pressure and heart rate. 246 62

A multicentered trial compared the effects of the non-sedating antihistamine, loratadine, 5 mg plus pseudoephedrine 120 mg with a placebo on the signs and symptoms of the common cold. One hundred forty-two (142) subjects were treated with the loratadine/pseudoephedrine combination and 141 subjects were treated with placebo twice daily for five days. Evaluations by both subjects and physicians suggest that this antihistamine/decongestant combination is superior to placebo in relieving symptoms of the common cold. Specific differences were found in symptoms including nasal congestion, sneezing, postnasal drainage, and nasal discharge. Differences between groups for the following side effects were found: dry mouth (9% for the combination vs 2% for placebo), insomnia (6% vs 3%), and nervousness (4% vs 2%). There were no differences between groups for the frequency of drowsiness.
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PMID:The effectiveness of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in the symptomatic management of the common cold. 252 99

Newer, nonsedating antihistamines provide a therapeutic alternative for the patient with allergy whose work is impaired by the side effects of traditional H1 antihistamines. To assess the differential effect of these antihistamines on reaction times and subjective symptoms, we compared terfenadine, 60 mg twice daily, to hydroxyzine, 25 mg twice daily, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of 16 healthy, asymptomatic adults. Simple reaction time and choice reaction time were measured with a computer-based, eye-hand, reaction-time testing apparatus. Reaction times and symptom scores were assessed 90 minutes after the fourth and tenth doses of each drug. Hydroxyzine, but not terfenadine, significantly prolonged both simple and choice reaction time (p less than or equal to 0.0001). However, decision time, the time to process one bit of spatial information, was not prolonged by either antihistamine. Therefore, hydroxyzine prolonged the interpretation and response to stimuli of the central nervous system without increasing single-bit processing time. Although terfenadine was not different from placebo for any symptom assessed, hydroxyzine produced significant drowsiness (p = 0.001), dry mouth (p = 0.022), and irritability (p = 0.021). During the 5 days of hydroxyzine administration, neither objective nor subjective symptoms demonstrated the development of tolerance. No correlation was found between subjective symptoms and prolongation of reaction times by hydroxyzine, suggesting that side effect symptoms of traditional antihistamines are unreliable predictors of objective performance. Terfenadine provides a promising therapeutic alternative to traditional antihistamines for individuals performing critical tasks.
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PMID:Prolongation of simple and choice reaction times in a double-blind comparison of twice-daily hydroxyzine versus terfenadine. 257 Jul 98

In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 822 obese patients of both sexes were given either dexfenfluramine (dF), 15 mg twice daily (404), or placebo (418) in addition to a calorie-restricted diet for 1 year. Patients in both groups lost weight significantly in the first 6 months; after 6 months dF patients had a higher cumulative mean weight loss. Dropout rates were lower in dF patients than in placebo patients, mainly because of dissatisfaction with weight loss in the latter group. More than twice as many dF patients as placebo patients achieved a given weight loss; but more dF patients than placebo patients had transient side-effects (tiredness, diarrhoea, dry mouth, polyuria, and drowsiness).
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PMID:International trial of long-term dexfenfluramine in obesity. 257 57

The authors studied 18 adults (8 men and 10 women) in an open trial of nomifensine maleate for the treatment of attention deficit disorder (ADD). All patients met DSM-III criteria and the Utah criteria for ADD, residual type (RT). Medication effect was measured at week 1 and week 4 of treatment using the Structured Interview for ADD-H Symptoms. Data from week 4 showed that all eight men and seven of the women responded well to nomifensine, showing a significant decrease in ADD with hyperactivity symptoms. Side effects were minimal, consisting of drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, and nausea. One responder (5%) was taken off the medicine after developing an allergic reaction. Results showed that short-term use of nomifensine was relatively free from side effects and was remarkably effective in the treatment of ADD-RT. The authors discussed the implications of the use of nomifensine and related drugs in the treatment of ADD-RT.
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PMID:Nomifensine maleate in adult attention deficit disorder. 265 59

International study of the effect of dexfenfluramine in obesity (ISIS): 6 months results. ISIS is a multicentre therapeutic trial of the "intention to treat" type organized to test the effectiveness and side-effects of dexfenfluramine combined with diet in the treatment of obesity. This was a randomized, double-blind drug versus placebo study programmed for a one-year period. Eight hundred and twenty-two obese patients were included. Dexfenfluramine was administered in doses of 15 mg b.d. The intermediate results after 6 months of treatment are presented. Significant differences were observed between the dexfenfluramine group (n = 404) and the placebo group (n = 418). In the treated group: 1) the drug withdrawal rate was lower, mainly due to a greater number of patients in the placebo group dissatisfied with their weight loss; 2) about twice as many patients achieved an important loss of weight in terms of percentage of the initial weight or overweight; 3) the cumulative loss of weight was greater; 4) there was a higher incidence of transient side-effects, such as fatigue, diarrhoea, dry mouth, polyuria and drowsiness. These results suggest that dexfenfluramine will be suitable for a more prolonged treatment of obese patients, in addition to diet.
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PMID:[International study of the effect of dexfenfluramine in obesity (ISIS): 6 months' results]. 266 89


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