Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty-two adult depressed outpatients fulfilling Research Diagnostic Criteria for Definite Major Depressive Disorder were enrolled in a double-blind study comparing the antidepressant effects of alprazolam versus desipramine. Twenty-nine patients completed the seven week (one week placebo followed by six weeks of active drug) study. The mean daily dose of alprazolam and desipramine at study termination was 3.34 mg and 192 mg respectively. Based on psychometric ratings of depression (Hamilton Scale) and severity of illness (Clinical Global Impressions) there was no significant difference between alprazolam and desipramine at the end of six weeks of active drug treatment. Both medications were well tolerated with drowsiness being the most common side effect of alprazolam, and insomnia, dry mouth, and constipation, the complaints most associated with desipramine.
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PMID:A comparison of the efficacy and safety of alprazolam and desipramine in depressed outpatients. 305 90

Fifty-two patients with depressive illness characterized by four symptoms (periodical course, psychomotor retardation, diurnal variation, unrealistic self-depreciation) and a score of at least 18 on the Hamilton Depression Scale 1-17 (HDS) were allocated to a double-blind randomized study with femoxetine and imipramine. Patients were diagnosed according to RDC and further classified according to the Newcastle-II index. During the six weeks of treatment, efficacy was evaluated by means of HDS and a global evaluation. Side-effect symptoms were recorded on a check-list by questioning. After six weeks of treatment with femoxetine or imipramine (recommended daily standard dosages are 600 mg femoxetine and 150 mg imipramine (b.i.d.); in the present study, dosages were flexible and could be adjusted according to effect/side-effects) evaluation of efficacy based on HDS, a six-item subscale, groups of HDS items as well as single items showed no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups except with regard to the factor for sleep disturbances in the HDS, where greatest reduction was seen in the femoxetine group. No statistically significant differences regarding side-effect profile were seen. However, in the imipramine group, higher frequencies of such moderate to severe symptoms as dry mouth, constipation and urination difficulties were observed (the greatest difference was seen for dry mouth, p 0.1, while p-values for the remaining two symptoms were greater than 0.1). Moreover, based on the patients' own opinion on side-effects, femoxetine seemed to be better tolerated. One patient took an overdosage of approx. 26 g femoxetine; half of the intake was removed by gastric emptying at the hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Efficacy and tolerance of femoxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depressive states. A randomized, double-blind study. 306 46

A double-blind controlled study comparing the effects of bupropion to doxepin in outpatients with primary depression was conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety differences between the two drugs. Following a 7-day placebo washout period, patients could be treated for up to 13 weeks on either treatment. Antidepressant response was assessed by the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales, Clinical Global Severity and Improvement Ratings, and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Comparable efficacy between the compounds was found across the 13-week study. Doxepin differed from bupropion mainly on the sleep factor of the Hamilton Depression Scale, with doxepin improving sleep to a greater extent than bupropion. Doxepin produced a greater incidence of anticholinergic side effects, including dry mouth, constipation, sleepiness, and tiredness, in comparison to bupropion. Also, increased appetite and weight gain were consistent side effects of doxepin relative to bupropion.
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PMID:Double-blind comparison of doxepin versus bupropion in outpatients with a major depressive disorder. 308

The evaluation of clinical and paraclinical safety of tianeptine was performed in (a) clinical pharmacology studies assessing night sleep EEG organization; electrocardiographic stability by continuous 24-h recordings (Holter's method); ocular tonus in patients with stabilized glaucoma; salivary flow; prolactin secretion; photodynamic dermatologic reactions; cerebral electrical activity; hematologic, hepatic, renal and main metabolic parameters; separately, withdrawal phenomena and addictive potential were searched for in drug addicts; (b) double-blind controlled studies versus reference compounds. The results confirm that the therapeutic safety of tianeptine is satisfactory with respect to clinical side effects and paraclinical parameters. Tianeptine does not induce sedation and thus does not disturb the recovery of active life. It does not induce anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, etc.), even in elderly subjects. It is devoid of heart and blood pressure side effects including postural hypotension tachycardia, ECG abnormalities, and especially atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disorders. Moreover, tianeptine does not disturb the hematologic, renal, hepatic parameters, even in alcoholic patients in the detoxification period. It does not induce physical or psychological signs of dependence when discontinued, even in alcoholic patients or drug addicts. No abuse of tianeptine and no tolerance were noted in detoxified opiate addicts.
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PMID:Analysis of the side effects of tianeptine. 318 Jan 19

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of guanfacine hydrochloride are reviewed. Guanfacine lowers blood pressure by activating CNS alpha adrenoreceptors, which results in sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. However, initial hypotensive response to guanfacine may be caused by stimulation of peripheral presynaptic receptors that inhibit sympathetic nerve function. Guanfacine is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and apparently undergoes extensive distribution to all tissues. Steady-state plasma concentrations may be reached in four days. About 30% is excreted renally; the rest is metabolized hepatically. Its long duration of action is related to a slow elimination half-life. In the few controlled clinical trials of guanfacine versus placebo, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced in patients treated with guanfacine; daily dosages of guanfacine 1, 2, and 3 mg (as the hydrochloride salt) were comparable in efficacy. Several large open trials of guanfacine showed blood pressure reductions of about 16% after one year; some patients received other antihypertensive therapy concomitantly. Guanfacine and clonidine appear to have comparable effects in reducing both systolic and diastolic blood pressure when given as monotherapy and as step-2 therapy; data on the comparative blood-pressure-lowering effects of guanfacine and methyldopa are less consistent. Guanfacine's adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. Adverse effects and reaction to sudden withdrawal of the drug may be less severe with guanfacine than with clonidine. A daily dose of guanfacine 1 mg (as the hydrochloride salt) at bedtime is recommended; 2 or 3 mg, or divided doses, may be given if needed. Once-daily administration and fewer adverse effects may give guanfacine some advantage over other centrally acting antihypertensive agents. Further study is needed to determine whether it will be adequate as first-line therapy.
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PMID:Guanfacine hydrochloride: a centrally acting antihypertensive agent. 328 88

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study the authors found that fluoxetine, a potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was an effective antidepressant in moderately depressed, ambulatory outpatients. Typical adverse effects reported by patients treated with fluoxetine included agitation, nausea, fatigue, and insomnia. Compared to imipramine, fluoxetine was associated with fewer complaints of dry mouth, constipation, and dizziness.
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PMID:Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, for the treatment of outpatients with major depression. 328 84

Side effects associated with tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) therapy often leads to premature drug discontinuation. The most common side effects associated with TCA's are those related to the anticholinergic activity of these medicines. The peripheral anticholinergic complaints of dry mouth, constipation, ocular side effects and urinary hesitancy are described and specific clinical guidelines for their effective management are provided.
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PMID:Anticholinergic side effects of tricyclic antidepressants and their management. 329 Sep 96

Thirteen outbreaks of food-borne botulism occurred between 1970 and 1984. Fifty patients were affected, with 30 of them requiring hospitalization. The number of patients per outbreak ranged from one to ten (mean, 3.8). All outbreaks were caused by home-prepared foods: nine by smoked ham, one by bacon, one by sausage, and one by mussels; contaminated food was not found in one outbreak. Bacteriologic study was performed in 11 outbreaks and type B toxin, the only found, was detected in eight of them. Generalized muscular weakness, visual disturbances, extreme dry mouth, and severe constipation were observed in all inpatients. Palpebral ptosis, dysphonia, urinary retention, postural hypotension, and respiratory impairment were also reported, but not in all inpatients. Identical, but less severe, manifestations were registered in the 20 ambulatory patients. Electromyographic study showed decreased motor action potential and posttetanic facilitation. Pulmonary function, studied in four inpatients, was decreased in three. All patients recovered fully. Management consisted of supportive measures, symptomatic treatment, and nursing care. Equine antitoxin was not administered and assisted ventilation was unnecessary.
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PMID:Food-borne botulism. A review of 13 outbreaks. 334 59

The 24-hour duration of the antihypertensive effect of guanfacine, a centrally acting alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist administered once a day, was demonstrated in a 12-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Two hundred and forty-nine patients who remained mildly to moderately hypertensive following a 5-week period, during which they had been weaned from previous antihypertensive medications and stabilized on 25-mg chlorthalidone taken once a day, were involved. Of the 249 patients, 126 received guanfacine as a step-2 agent and 123 received placebo. Both groups were further subdivided so that blood pressure (BP) measurements were determined either 12 or 24 hours after dosing. The initial dose of guanfacine was 1 mg/day, which could be raised 1 mg at 2-week intervals to a maximum daily dose of 3 mg/day at the discretion of each investigator. The daily dose could also be lowered by 1 mg at 2-week intervals, depending on patient response. The mean 24-hour reductions with guanfacine in sitting diastolic BP (-11 mm Hg), systolic BP (-14 mm Hg) and mean arterial pressure (-12 mm Hg) were statistically significant (p less than 0.01) compared with the reductions in BP with placebo. Heart rate also decreased with guanfacine, but no clinically relevant bradycardia (less than 60 beats/min) was observed. Dry mouth (47%), constipation (16%), fatigue (12%) and drowsiness (4%) were the most frequently reported side effects. The highly acceptable side-effects profile of guanfacine was also indicated by the small percentage of patients (7%) who prematurely left the study because of adverse reactions.
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PMID:Usefulness of low dose guanfacine, once a day, for 24-hour control of essential hypertension. 351 29

The clinical effect of terodiline hydrochloride (TD-758) was studied in 95 patients with nervous pollakisuria or irritative bladder. TD-758 was given per os randomly at a dose of 24 mg or 12 mg once a day for 4 weeks. The symptoms such as urinary frequency, urinary incontinence and sense of residual urine were improved in 74% of the patients taking 24 mg, and in 51% of the patients taking 12 mg. The difference was statistically significant. Side effects such as dry mouth, constipation and heart burn were observed in 15% of the patients in each group and were not serious. The results of this study indicate that TD-758 is useful for these patients and its optimal dosage is 24 mg once a day.
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PMID:[Clinical effect of terodiline hydrochloride on nervous pollakisuria or irritative bladder]. 359 95


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