Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We performed a prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled, six-period, cross-over study in which normal subjects were randomly assigned to treatment and compared three different formulations of apraclonidine hydrochloride (the present commercially available formulation, and formulations with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or lysolecithin). We also evaluated the efficacy of a 16-microliters and 30-microliters drop size. The magnitude and duration of decrease in intraocular pressure was comparable for all formulations. Most subjects tolerated all formulations well with only a few reporting any side effects. The best-tolerated formulation was 0.5% apraclonidine hydrochloride delivered with a 16-microliters drop size. Dry mouth developed frequently with the commercially available 1% apraclonidine solution. Blurred vision complicated the use of the formulation containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Both dry mouth (P less than .05) and blurred vision (P = .004) were statistically significant side effects.
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PMID:Reformulation and drop size of apraclonidine hydrochloride. 134 73

We performed a double-masked, cross-over, dose-response study of apraclonidine hydrochloride (formerly known as ALO 2145) in 20 patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). We administered three concentrations of apraclonidine (0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%) and vehicle alone bilaterally every 12 hours for one week. Patients were examined 2, 5, and 8 hours after the initial dose, and then on day 2 and day 8. We studied IOP, pupillary diameter, interpalpebral fissure width, blood pressure, and pulse. There was a two-week washout period after each one-week session. All concentrations of apraclonidine significantly lowered IOP. The 0.5% and 0.25% concentrations had equal maximal effects, lowering IOP in each patient by an average of 27% relative to vehicle alone. This corresponded to a mean decrease in IOP of 8.7 mm Hg, from a baseline of 24.9 mm Hg to 16.2 mm Hg. The 0.5% and 0.25% concentrations were significantly more effective than the 0.125% concentration at two and eight hours. Mean interpalpebral fissure width increased in a dose-dependent fashion; the pupillary effect was minimal. Blood pressure and pulse were unchanged. Thirty percent of subjects reported transient dry nose or dry mouth. These symptoms may be dose-dependent.
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PMID:Apraclonidine. A one-week dose-response study. 304 44

We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of the twice-daily application of 1% ALO 2145 (p-aminoclonidine hydrochloride, a topical alpha 2-agonist) in 21 normal volunteers for one month. Criteria measured included intraocular pressure (IOP), basal tear secretion, pupillary size, corneal sensitivity, heart rate, and blood pressure; urinalysis and blood chemistry studies were also performed. The mean (+/- SD) IOP fell 38.7%, from 17.5 +/- 3.9 mm Hg to 10.7 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, in five hours. The mean IOP remained between 23% and 30% below the pretreatment level when checked 12 hours after the last drop's instillation from day 8 through day 28 of the study. No clinically significant changes in mean systolic blood pressure, blood chemistry values, urinalysis results, basal tear secretion, or corneal sensitivity were noted. The mean heart rate and diastolic blood pressure were each significantly decreased at only one of nine time intervals. Dry mouth was noted at some time in 52% of volunteers. ALO 2145 seems to be effective in lowering IOP in normal volunteers, without marked cardiovascular effects.
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PMID:The safety and efficacy of topical 1% ALO 2145 (p-aminoclonidine hydrochloride) in normal volunteers. 330 16

Complications from mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs are rare compared with their extensive use. Adverse effects are often related to dosage or other factors. The ocular complications include increased intraocular pressure, pigmentation of the conjunctiva and cornea, pigment in the anterior chamber, lacrimal duct blockage, macular edema, corneal endothelium damage, hyperemia, allergy, discomfort, and blurred vision. The systemic complications are those common to sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic drugs and include tachycardia, hypertension, headache, faintness. pallor, trembling, excessive sweating, palpitations, arrhythmias, confusion, hallucinations, drowsiness, ataxia, flushed skin, high fever, dysarthria, thirst, dry mouth, convulsions, disorientation, nervousness, coma, and death. An understanding of all possible side effects is of paramount importance to those using these drugs in the treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning. This review is intended as a ready reference to the adverse effects of mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs.
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PMID:Mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs: a review of ocular and systemic complications. 703 29

Clinical trials were conducted to evaluate brimonidine tartrate, an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, for treating chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and the prophylactic treatment of acute pressure rises. In normal volunteers, brimonidine administered twice daily for five days at concentrations ranging from 0.08-0.5% lowered IOP 16-22% and was well-tolerated ocularly and systemically. In a 28-day study in 186 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, maximum IOP lowering was 27.2% and 30.1% for brimonidine 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively. The most common adverse events were dry mouth fatigue/drowsiness, and blurring, which occurred significantly more frequently with brimonidine 0.5% than 0.2%. Brimonidine 0.5% was tested in 471 patients undergoing argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). One drop administered preoperatively, postoperatively or both pre- and postoperatively significantly reduced the number of postoperative IOP spikes (1-2% of patients compared to 23% receiving only vehicle). Systemic hypotension, dry mouth, lid retraction and conjunctival blanching occurred more frequently in patients who received the drug twice. Brimonidine 0.2% twice daily was compared with three times daily in 101 patients. No significant differences were seen between the two regimens in mean change from baseline IOP with mean decreases ranging from 3.4 +/- 3.23 to 5.2 +/- 3.77 mm Hg (standard deviation) with twice daily dosing, and from 2.8 +/- 3.26 to 4.9 +/- 3.70 mm Hg with three times daily dosing. The most common complaints were blurring and oral dryness. Based upon results of these and other early studies, brimonidine 0.5% was selected for acute therapy for the prevention of postoperative intraocular pressure spikes and brimonidine 0.2% for chronic use in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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PMID:Development and use of brimonidine in treating acute and chronic elevations of intraocular pressure: a review of safety, efficacy, dose response, and dosing studies. 897 Feb 46

COPD is a chronic disease and, like many other chronic diseases, there is no treatment to reverse the severity of the disease except for lung transplant. To date, no inhaled medications have been shown to improve survival. Tiotropium bromide is a long-acting inhaled anticholinergic drug for the treatment of COPD that can improve lung function, reduce symptoms and exacerbations, and improve quality of life with once-daily dosing. It was initially approved and marketed in several countries in Europe in 2002 and then approved in the US in 2004. Tiotropium is generally well tolerated with dry mouth being the main adverse effect. Other adverse effects include constipation, tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention and increased intraocular pressure. Despite the recently raised concerns about an excess risk of cardiovascular adverse events with inhaled anticholinergic agents, the risk/benefit ratio of tiotropium appears still favorable given the favorable safety profile demonstrated in the UPLIFT study. However, caution should be advised in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease given the paucity of data in such patients.
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PMID:Safety, tolerability and risk benefit analysis of tiotropium in COPD. 1928 Oct 75