Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic mental illness and its treatment carry inherent risks for significant oral diseases. Given the shift in treatment regimens from the traditional institutionally based approach to more community-focused alternatives, general dental practitioners can expect to see and be asked to treat patients with various forms of psychiatric disorders. One such group consists of patients with bipolar disorder (including type I bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder). The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the dental practitioner with the psychopathological features of bipolar disorder and to highlight the oral health findings and dental management considerations for these patients. Bipolar disorder is considered one of the most treatable forms of psychiatric illness once it has been diagnosed correctly. Through a combination of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and life-adjustment skills counselling, these patients are better able to understand and cope with the underlying mood swings that typify the condition and in turn to interact more positively and progressively within society as a whole. Both the disease itself and its various pharmacologic management modalities exact a range of oral complications and side effects, with caries, periodontal disease and xerostomia being encountered most frequently. It is hoped that after reading this article the general dental practitioner will feel more confident about providing dental care for patients with bipolar disorder and in turn to become a vital participant in the reintegration of these patients into society.
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PMID:Dental care for the patient with bipolar disorder. 1255 65

Optimal medications for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) would be effective, well tolerated, and long acting and not cause mood swings or worsen comorbid conditions. Current medications work on brain dopamine and/or norepinephrine systems, which are thought to be involved in ADHD. The medication class with the most evidence of efficacy in ADHD is stimulants, but they may be abused, are effective for only 4 to 12 hours, and may cause mood swings or increase tic severity. In recent years, alternative treatments have been explored. Tricyclic antidepressants have efficacy comparable to that of stimulants but may cause constipation, dry mouth, tremors, blood pressure changes, and potentially serious side effects including cardiac conduction and repolarization delays. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may improve ADHD symptoms but are associated with severe dietary restrictions. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors have little or no effect in ADHD but may improve comorbid depression. Bupropion, although less effective than stimulants, may improve both ADHD symptoms and comorbid depression. Antihypertensive agents may improve impulsivity, hyperactivity, and comorbid tics but cause sedation or rebound hypertension. Atomoxetine, which is being developed for ADHD, reduces symptoms of ADHD without exacerbating comorbid conditions and is associated with only minor side effects, including subtle changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Before prescribing a treatment, physicians should consider the appropriateness and effectiveness of any medication for children with ADHD, who may be less tolerant of side effects and less able to monitor and express concerns about their well-being than adults.
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PMID:Novel treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. 1256 57