Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043352 (xerostomia)
 4,250 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Increasingly, patients with complicated medical problems are coming to dental offices for treatment. These patients report using a variety of medications to control one or more chronic conditions. Many of these medications produce changes in the mouth because of toxic overdoses, side effects, allergic reactions, or as a consequence of the primary action of the drug. These effects include: xerostomia, gingival hyperplasia, candidiasis, mucositis, stomatopyrosis, gingival bleeding, petechia, salivary gland problems, intrinsic stain, cheilitis, erythema multiforme, lichen planus, ulcerations, taste changes, tardive dyskinesias, and soft tissue pigmentation. This article discusses presentations and causes of oral changes secondary to systemic drug use.
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PMID:Oral manifestations of drug therapy. 307 85

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) results from a lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) infection and is characterized by specific opportunistic infections and malignancies. The virus is transmitted primarily by semen and blood. Infection is limited principally to defined risk groups, i.e., homosexual men and intravenous drug users. Head and neck manifestations include cervical lymphadenopathy and Kaposi's sarcoma. Oral manifestations include Kaposi's sarcoma, candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, precocious periodontal disease, xerostomia, herpes simplex, recurrent aphthae, erythema multiforme, and venereal warts. Although HTLV-III is present in saliva, there are no reported cases of transmission secondary to dental procedures. Appropriate precautions and techniques are recommended in treating patients at risk for AIDS.
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PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States in 1986: etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and dental implications. 353 39

This paper summarises some of the oral adverse effects of antiretroviral agents. Some are related to bone marrow suppression which may also predispose to mouth ulcers. Erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis are especially well recognized in HIV disease, particularly as reactions to sulphonamides and to antiretroviral agents. Oral lichenoid reactions have been described in HIV disease often relating to zidovudine use. Didanosine has also produced erythema multiforme and not unusually induces xerostomia, again by an unknown mechanism. Xerostomia may be seen in up to one-third of patients taking didanosine. Taste abnormalities are common with the protease inhibitors and oral and perioral paraesthesia can be a disturbing adverse effect. Ritonavir in particular can give rise to circumoral paraesthesia in over 25% of patients. Indinavir can also produce cheilitis.
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PMID:Orofacial effects of antiretroviral therapies. 1157 69

The optimum anti-HIV drug has yet to be found. This paper will summarise some of the oral adverse effects associated with antiretroviral agents against HIV. The development of antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV infection has been aimed at the inactivation of two HIV enzymes: reverse transcriptase and proteases. Erythema multiforme, ulcers and xerostomia are the main oral side effects associated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Parotid lipomatosis, taste disturbance, xerostomia and perioral paraesthesia are oral adverse effects, which are mainly related to protease inhibitor therapy. The search for new antiretrovirals with different active mechanisms and patterns of resistance constitutes a key question in HIV treatment. The use of new drugs and drug combinations will lead to the appearance of oral lesions, which will be difficult to identify and treat and which cannot be ignored by the practitioner.
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PMID:Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy: focus on orofacial effects. 1290 30

Syphilis was previously termed "the great imitator" because so many of the signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from those of other diseases. This role has been taken over by drugs, and this also applies to adverse drug reactions in the oral region. Accordingly, a careful drug history, including identification of any prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal medicines used, may give an important clue to the differential diagnosis of oral diseases when the aetiology is not apparent. Virtually all drugs have the potential to cause oral adverse reactions, but some have a greater ability to do so than others. Among the numerous adverse oral manifestations are xerostomia, taste disturbances and ulceration. The reactions are often non-specific, but they may mimic specific disease states such as erythema multiforme, lichen planus and pemphigus. Drug-induced gingival hyperplasia is an example of a quite characteristic and easily recognisable oral side effect. This article briefly describes some of the presentations and mechanisms of oral manifestations of drug therapy and the drugs that most commonly are responsible. Just like approved pharmaceuticals, herbal medicines are also associated with adverse oral manifestations. Finally we comment on some of the more recent reports on osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates.
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PMID:[Adverse drug effects in the oral region]. 1669 Dec 73

Though less common than those affecting the skin, adverse drug reactions involving the mouth are quite ferquent. Often there's a high index of suspicion in the diagnosis of these reactions, as they can mimic other disease states such as aphtae, swelling, erythema multiforme or xerostomia. The reactions are often non-specific, but they may mimic specific disease states such as erythema multiforme, lichen planus and pemphigus. Other reactions such as gingival hyperplasia secondary to the administration of phenytoins, nifedipine or cyclosporine are well known and quite characteristic. The pathogenic mechanisms of oral rections to drug administration are similar to those causing adverse drug reactions in the skin. To diagnose such a condition, the clinical interview is a helpful aid to the diagnosis of the adverse drug reaction affecting the mouth and a careful drug history, including identification of any prescription, or herbal medicines used, is needed.
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PMID:[Oral effects of systemic medication in elderly]. 2019 50

This study summarizes the adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) agents against HIV on orofacial health and health care. Current antiretroviral agents fall mainly into three major classes: nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) - now with the new classes of fusion inhibitors, entry inhibitors--CCR5 co-receptor antagonists and HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Many of the ART agents can have adverse orofacial effects, or can give rise to allergies or drug interactions--the optimum anti-HIV drug has yet to be found. There are few orofacial adverse effects that characterize a particular ART class, but erythema multiforme (EM), ulcers and xerostomia may be associated with reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTI); parotid lipomatosis, taste disturbance, xerostomia and perioral paraesthesia mainly related to PIs. Facial lipoatrophy is a common adverse effect of NRTIs; EM is more frequently associated with NNRTIs. Thus, although most of the more recent ART drugs and combinations of them show improved safety profiles, some may give rise to orofacial adverse effects, and may affect oral health care.
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PMID:Antiretroviral therapy: effects on orofacial health and health care. 2353 Aug 6

Rett syndrome is a progressive pediatric neurodevelopmental disorder, predominantly affecting females, characterized by a seemingly normal prenatal and perinatal period, followed by neurodevelopmental stagnation, and then rapid regression.The purpose of this study was to provide an update of the literature on the oral aspects of Rett syndrome and their possible treatment in patients suffering from this pathology. After an electronic and manual search in MEDLINE (PubMed) and the Cochrane Library, 12 articles were found, for a total of 142 patients affected by Rett syndrome. A high prevalence of bruxism, anterior open bite, ogival palate, sucking habits, and difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene was noted. There were also oral findings related to the pharmacological treatment, which included xerostomia, glossitis, erythema multiforme, gingival hyperplasia, dysphagia, and lingual paralysis. It is important for the dentist to know what problems related to the oral cavity can be encountered in a patient diagnosed with Rett syndrome and what preventive measures can be applied.
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PMID:Oral findings in Rett syndrome: An update and review of the literature. 3064 68

Modafinil is a nonamphetamine nootropic drug with an increasingly therapeutic interest due to its different sites of action and behavioral effects in comparison to cocaine or amphetamine. A review of modafinil (and of its prodrug adrafinil and its R-enantiomer armodafinil) chemical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, toxicological, clinical and forensic aspects was performed, aiming to better understand possible health problems associated to its unconscious and unruled use. Modafinil is a racemate metabolized mainly in the liver into its inactive acid and sulfone metabolites, which undergo primarily renal excretion. Although not fully clarified, major effects seem to be associated to inhibition of dopamine reuptake and modulation of several other neurochemical pathways, namely noradrenergic, serotoninergic, orexinergic, histaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic. Due its wake-promoting effects, modafinil is used for the treatment of daily sleepiness associated to narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and shift work sleep disorder. Its psychotropic and cognitive effects are also attractive in several other pathologies and conditions that affect sleep structure, induce fatigue and lethargy, and impair cognitive abilities. Additionally, in health subjects, including students, modafinil is being used off-label to overcome sleepiness, increase concentration and improve cognitive potential. The most common adverse effects associated to modafinil intake are headache, insomnia, anxiety, diarrhea, dry mouth and raise in blood pressure and heart rate. Infrequently, severe dermatologic effects in children, including maculopapular and morbilliform rash, erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome have been reported. Intoxication and dependence associated to modafinil are uncommon. Further research on effects and health implications of modafinil and its analogs is steel needed to create evidence-based policies.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the cognitive enhancer modafinil: Relevant clinical and forensic aspects. 3195 4