Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Both lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are platelet-derived phospholipids that elicit diverse biological responses. In endothelial cells, S1P stimulates the EDG-1 receptor-mediated activation of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), but the role of LPA in eNOS regulation is less well understood. We now report that LPA treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) activates eNOS enzyme activity in a pathway that involves phosphorylation of eNOS on serine 1179 by protein kinase Akt. In contrast to the cellular responses elicited by S1P in COS-7 cells, LPA can stimulate the activation of eNOS and Akt independently of EDG-1 receptor transfection. LPA-stimulated enzyme activation was significantly attenuated in an eNOS mutant lacking the site that is phosphorylated by kinase Akt (eNOS S1179A). In BAEC, activation of eNOS by LPA is completely blocked by pertussis toxin, by the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA (1,2-bis(aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid), and by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin, but is unaffected by U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Analysis of the LPA dose response for eNOS activation reveals an EC(50) of approximately 40 nM, a concentration well below the potency of LPA at the EDG-1 receptor. Taken together, these results indicate that LPA potently activates eNOS in BAEC in a pathway distinct from the EDG-1 receptor, but mediated by a similar receptor-mediated pathway dependent on pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and involving activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. These studies have identified a role for the phospholipid LPA in eNOS activation, and point out the complementary role of distinct platelet-derived lipids in endothelial signaling pathways.
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PMID:Lysophosphatidic acid and receptor-mediated activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. 1193 94

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a platelet-derived lipid mediator that activates the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells. However, the role of S1P in endothelium-dependent vasodilation and the signaling pathways elicited by S1P in intact vessels are largely unknown. We found that S1P induces dose-dependent transient relaxation of isolated pressurized mesenteric arterioles (EC(50) 10 +/- 3 nM); maximal vasodilation (55 +/- 8%) is seen approximately 2 min after S1P addition and returns to baseline by 5 min. S1P promotes comparable responses in arterioles from wild-type but not eNOS(null) mice. S1P-induced vasodilation is abrogated by removal of endothelium or by the addition of the NOS inhibitor N(omega)-monomethyl-l-arginine but is not affected by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, nor by the blockade of K(+) channels by using 4-aminopyridine. S1P-induced vasodilation is attenuated by pertussis toxin, by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin, and by the calcium chelator BAPTA. With the use of high-sensitivity protein immunoblots in extracts from single pressurized vessels, we found that S1P, but not bradykinin, promotes the phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser(1179). Maximum S1P-induced eNOS Ser(1179) phosphorylation was reached at the time of maximum vasorelaxation, but enzyme phosphorylation persisted for several minutes after vasodilation had resolved. Thus regulatory pathways distinct from eNOS Ser(1179) dephosphorylation serve to terminate agonist-promoted vasorelaxation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that S1P, an important intercellular mediator of platelet-vessel wall interactions, is a effective arteriolar vasodilator that acts via G protein-dependent, calcium-sensitive, and PI3-kinase-modulated signaling pathways.
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PMID:Sphingosine 1-phosphate and control of vascular tone. 1274 27

FTY720, a potent immunosuppressive agent, is phosphorylated in vivo into FTY720-P, a high affinity agonist for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. The effects of FTY720 on vascular cells, a major target of S1P action, have not been addressed. We now report the metabolic activation of FTY720 by sphingosine kinase-2 and potent activation of vascular endothelial cell functions in vitro and in vivo by phosphorylated FTY720 (FTY720-P). Incubation of endothelial cells with FTY720 resulted in phosphorylation by sphingosine kinase activity and formation of FTY720-P. Sphingosine kinase-2 effectively phosphorylated FTY720 in the human embryonic kidney 293T heterologous expression system. FTY720-P treatment of endothelial cells stimulated extracellular signal-activated kinase and Akt phosphorylation and adherens junction assembly and promoted cell survival. The effects of FTY720-P were inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting the requirement for Gi-coupled S1P receptors. Indeed, transmonolayer permeability induced by vascular endothelial cell growth factor was potently reversed by FTY720-P. Furthermore, oral FTY720 administration in mice potently blocked VEGF-induced vascular permeability in vivo. These findings suggest that FTY720 or its analogs may find utility in the therapeutic regulation of vascular permeability, an important process in angiogenesis, inflammation, and pathological conditions such as sepsis, hypoxia, and solid tumor growth.
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PMID:Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability. 1295 48

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been suggested to play an important role in angiogenesis, but the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Using an in vitro model of angiogenesis in which cell migration of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and their morphogenic differentiation into capillary-like structures on Matrigel are induced by overexpression of MT1-MMP, we show that the platelet-derived bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is the predominant serum factor essential for MT1-MMP-dependent migration and morphogenic differentiation activities. In the presence of S1P, MT1-MMP-dependent cell migration and morphogenic differentiation were inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting the involvement of Gi-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling. Accordingly, cotransfection of BAECs with MT1-MMP and a constitutively active Galphai2 (Q205L) mutant increased cell migration and morphogenic differentiation, whereas treatment of BAECs overexpressing MT1-MMP with antisense oligonucleotides directed against S1P1 and S1P3, the predominant S1P receptors, significantly inhibited both processes. These results demonstrate that MT1-MMP-induced migration and morphogenic differentiation involve the cooperation of the enzyme with platelet-derived bioactive lipids through S1P-mediated activation of Galphai-coupled S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. Given the important contribution of platelets to tumor angiogenesis, the stimulation of endothelial MT1-MMP function by S1P may thus constitute an important molecular event linking hemostasis to angiogenesis.
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PMID:Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) cooperates with sphingosine 1-phosphate to induce endothelial cell migration and morphogenic differentiation. 1507 Jun 79

Osteocytes elaborate an extensive mechanosensory network in bone matrix and communicate intercellularly via gap junctions established at dendrite termini. We developed a method to measure osteocyte dendritogenesis in vitro using a modified transwell assay and determined that the lipid growth factor lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent stimulator of dendrite outgrowth in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. The stimulatory effects were dose-dependent with maximal outgrowth observed within a physiological range of LPA. LPA-treated osteocytes exhibited distinct rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and a more stellate morphology than control cells. LPA also promoted osteocyte chemotaxis, suggesting a shared molecular mechanism between dendrite outgrowth and cell motility. The LPA-induced increase in dendrite formation was blocked by the specific LPA-receptor antagonist Ki16425 and by pertussis toxin. Bone cells in vivo encounter platelet-derived LPA in regions of bone damage, and we postulate that this lipid factor is important for re-establishing osteocyte connectivity during fracture repair.
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PMID:Lysophosphatidic acid induces osteocyte dendrite outgrowth. 1741 3

Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to reverse the loss of endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity that occurs during inflammatory disease states such as acute lung injury. We previously demonstrated potent EC barrier augmentation in vivo and in vitro by the platelet-derived phospholipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) via ligation of the S1P1 receptor. The S1P analogue, FTY720, similarly exerts barrier-protective vascular effects via presumed S1P1 receptor ligation. We examined the role of the S1P1 receptor in sphingolipid-mediated human lung EC barrier enhancement. Both S1P and FTY-induced sustained, dose-dependent barrier enhancement, reflected by increases in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), which was abolished by pertussis toxin indicating Gi-coupled receptor activation. FTY-mediated increases in TER exhibited significantly delayed onset and intensity relative to the S1P response. Reduction of S1P1R expression (via siRNA) attenuated S1P-induced TER elevations whereas the TER response to FTY was unaffected. Both S1P and FTY rapidly (within 5 min) induced S1P1R accumulation in membrane lipid rafts, but only S1P stimulated S1P1R phosphorylation on threonine residues. Inhibition of PI3 kinase activity attenuated S1P-mediated TER increases but failed to alter FTY-induced TER elevation. Finally, S1P, but not FTY, induced significant myosin light chain phosphorylation and dramatic actin cytoskeletal rearrangement whereas reduced expression of the cytoskeletal effectors, Rac1 and cortactin (via siRNA), attenuated S1P-, but not FTY-induced TER elevations. These results mechanistically characterize pulmonary vascular barrier regulation by FTY720, suggesting a novel barrier-enhancing pathway for modulating vascular permeability.
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PMID:Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by FTY720 does not require the S1P1 receptor. 1747 45

Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors are major platelet membrane constituents. They are integral to the formation of the surface fibrinogen receptor on activated platelets, in which 73% of platelet-derived microparticles are positive for the glycoprotein IIa/IIIb receptor. Activated platelets can shed platelet-derived microparticles, especially during the course of an acute coronary syndrome. Data have shown that platelet-derived microparticles can bind to the endothelium, to leukocytes, and to the submatrix of vascular walls, and launch some signal-transduction pathways, such as the pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways. One research group found that platelet-derived microparticles transfer glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors to isolated and whole-blood neutrophils. The receptors can co-localize with beta(2)-integrins and cooperate in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), which can be inhibited by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Accordingly, it is possible that glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists produce a direct and marked effect on endothelial cells, smooth-muscle cells, and leukocytes through a platelet-derived microparticle pathway that will lead to a potential treatment for acute coronary syndrome.Herein, we review the medical literature and discuss the potential application of platelet-derived microparticles toward the treatment of acute coronary syndrome.
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PMID:Platelet-derived microparticles and the potential of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists in treating acute coronary syndrome. 1943 7


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