Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mycobacterium vaccae represents an alternative mycobacterial cloning host that has been largely overlooked to date. The main reason for this may be the reported non-transformability of this species, specifically the so-called Stanford strain (NCTC 11659), with expression vectors that use kanamycin resistance as a selection method. However, this strain can be transformed using hygromycin resistance as an alternative selectable phenotype. The present study has shown that in contrast to previous reports, M. vaccae (ATCC 15483) is capable of being transformed with a range of vectors encoding kanamycin resistance as the selectable marker. Thereafter, the expression of the lacZ reporter gene in M. vaccae, Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155 was evaluated using a range of characterized mycobacterial promoter sequences (hsp60, hsp70, PAN, 18kDa and 16S rRNA) cloned in the same promoter probe vector. In general, the promoters showed similar levels of activity in the three species, demonstrating that existing expression systems can readily be employed with M. vaccae (ATCC 15483). This was further confirmed by the observation that M. vaccae was capable of stable, in vitro expression of recombinant S1 subunit of pertussis toxin at levels equivalent to those obtained with BCG and M. smegmatis. Analysis of structural and functional stability of a range of vectors demonstrated that the incidence of instability noted for M. vaccae was lower than that recorded for M. smegmatis. Taken together, the results indicate that M. vaccae is an additional cloning host which may prove useful for specific aspects of mycobacterial biology and provide increased flexibility to the field of recombinant protein technology for mycobacteria.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of Mycobacterium vaccae as a surrogate cloning host for use in the study of mycobacterial genetics. 1210 Dec 88

Immunization may prevent an enhanced risk of infectious diseases, providing that it is completed on time. A review of the literature summarizes several studies on effectiveness, safety and duration of protection in preterm infants. Immune maturation depends on chronological age rather than gestational age. Then immunization against diphteria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae b should be initiated at 2 months of age and completed prior than 6 months. The youngest preterm infants, still hospitalized at 8 weeks of age should be monitored following the first immunization as they may develop apnea episodes, probably linked with the pertussis component of the vaccine. In premature, BCG vaccination induces a delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin less important than in full-term neonates, and should not be given right after birth in newborns less than 33 weeks of gestational age. Hepatitis B vaccination should be offered as soon as two months of age and even at birth to children born from HBs Ag carriers. Neither duration of immunity, nor safety are modified by prematurity.
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PMID:[Efficacy and tolerance of vaccinations in premature infants]. 1210 19

More than 2 billion people in the world are infected with the hepatitis B virus, of whom 280 million are chronic carriers. This virus is responsible for up to 80% of primary hepatic cancer, which is one of three main causes of cancer deaths in east and southeast Asia as well as Africa. Mainly young people are at risk of getting infected and becoming chronic carriers. 70-90% of infants who are infected at birth will become chronic carriers. The virus is transmitted via body fluids, especially blood. It can be transmitted among children and from mother to child during the perinatal period. The vaccination program against hepatitis B is an important tool for preventing its spread. Vaccines contain the viral surface antigen (HBsAG) and are produced from plasma by recombinant DNA techniques. If it is administered properly, a 95% rate of immunization against hepatitis B is achieved. Over the years, more than 40 million doses have been administered. A complete regimen of three doses produces excellent seroconversion rates. The minimum time required between doses is 4 weeks, but a longer interval is preferable between the second and third doses. Since the probability of perinatal infection is low, the first dose may be administered from the sixth week in conjunction with the first dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine. The subsequent doses should coincide with the administration of other vaccines. The hepatitis B vaccine could be administered simultaneously with measles, DPT, poliomyelitis, and BCG vaccines. Complete immunization against hepatitis B costs $2.80 for three doses--an amount that could decline in the coming years.
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PMID:[Hepatitis B vaccine: a new force against pandemic diseases]. 1217 51

In 1984 an insurance plan for child immunization was introduced in the counties of Wuji, Linzhang, an Zunhua, and in the city of Xingtai in the province of Hebei, China. The remuneration of village physicians and payment for vaccination services was linked to their effectiveness. In Wuji county children under 2 up to the age of 7 could be enrolled. If a child contracted measles, $8.50 was paid as compensation, $29 for tetanus, $43 for diphtheria, and $57 for poliomyelitis. If death was caused by one of these diseases, $85 was paid. 84% of children of this age range participated in the plan. 36% of the money from policy purchases of $36,000 was allocated to compensation and administration and 64% to municipal health centers for replacement of supplies and to village doctors performing vaccinations whose annual income ranged between $86 and $286 plus $37 for vaccinations. In the 1st year 31 cases were compensated for a total of $600. In the other countries similar schemes were operational: rural doctors pitched in with 5-20-25% of compensation, and the health care system paid the rest. In 1987, two-thirds of cities in the province adopted this plan enlisting 2,559,780 children (31% of those under 7) and accumulating a total fund of $2,500,000. A 1987 sample of 36, 992 children indicated a 94% coverage for BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), 85% for poliomyelitis, 80% for DPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus), 80% for measles, 90% for Japanese B encephalitis and epidemic meningitis. In 1986, there were 273,000 fewer cases of measles, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, epidemic meningitis, and Japanese encephalitis with 4200 fewer deaths, and 3000 fewer incapacities (or possibly 1,000,000, 15,000 and 5000 fewer, respectively, because of nonreporting). Measles morbidity declined from 16/100,000 in 1986 to 3.7/100,000 in the first 11 months of 1987.
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PMID:[Monetary incentives for a more effective immunization program]. 1217 53

This table, based on information from the latest available (1975-79) Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/World Health Organization Form C vaccination Questionnaire submitted by the 30 PAHO Member Countries, presents vaccination schedules for 4 immunization: diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT), poliomyelitis, measles, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). For each vaccine, information is provided on the number of doses, the minimum and maximum age at 1st dose, the interval for subsequent doses (if applicable), and whether and when a booster dose is administered. Notation is also made as to whether vaccination is compulsory by law.
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PMID:Vaccination schedules in PAHO member countries. 1226 37

Compared to curative treatment, immunization is easier, simpler, and cheaper. Immunization should become not only the Indonesian government's affair but also the people's. Tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, and tuberculosis which are preventable by immunization contribute to high mortality among children under 5 years of age. Currently, immunization programs cover only part of the target population: BCG 52%, DPT 11%, Measles 11%, Polio 11%, Tetanus 24%. The 4th 5-year Development Plan expects to reach high coverage: 65% of children must be immunized against tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, and polio before the age of 1 year. 60% of childbearing aged women must get immunized against tetanus before giving birth. In 1985 the Province of Aceh had an IMR of 110. In North Aceh District 29/1000 infants died from tetanus infection. TT2 vaccination in women between 12 and 45 years of age has greatly reduced morbidity and mortality from tetanus in infants. However, in North Aceh alone there are still 1423 villages to be covered. Along with the government program, communities and their key figures could help the program to succeed. The following steps should be taken: (1) Training of educators and organizers, (2) Organization of local teams of vaccinators that include vaccinators, members of women's clubs, and village leaders.
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PMID:[Immunization: an important aspect often neglected]. 1228 65

In India, the pediatrics department at RNT Medical College in Udaipur analyzed 1981 and 1991 survey data on 478 and 823 children under 6 years old, respectively, living in the same 6 villages of Garhi tribal block of South Rajasthan to evaluate the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). Specifically, the study aimed to determine whether the short-term gains of ICDs continued or not. Between 1981 and 1991, the proportion of children with normal nutritional status increased 11.64%. The proportion of children with severe protein energy malnutrition declined from 14.64% to 11.3%. Immunization coverage of 12-24 month old children increased considerably for every vaccine (1981-91, 57.5-66.8% for BCG, 0-59.3% for 3 doses of oral polio vaccine, 5=59.3% for 3 doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus [DPT], and 0=35.2% for measles vaccine). These coverage figures were well below targets, however. Nevertheless, these findings suggested that Anganwadi workers were able to successfully motivate parents to immunize their children. They also indicated a need to improve coordination efforts between ICDS and health workers. In conclusion, ICDS, which operates 2424 projects in 25 states and 7 Union territories, does not improve the nutritional and immunizational status of children.
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PMID:Decadal changes in nutritional and immunisation status of ICDS beneficiaries. 1228 43

Children with sickle cell anemia are more exposed to infection than healthy children. Indeed, infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell anemia, especially those aged 6 months to 5 years. Phagocytosis is reduced in these children. Polynuclear neutrophils reveal various poorly understood irregularities and are associated with a reduction of phagocytic power: zinc deficiency, reduced post-phagocytic oxidative metabolism, and a prevalence of neutrophils not forming red sheep-like globule carriers of immunoglobulin H. The power of the antibody which renders germs susceptible to phagocytosis in the serum is reduced in sickle cell patients. This may be tied to a disorder in the alternate complementary route with reduction of C3 and properdin. Sequestration of sickle cell-shaped red blood cells, splenic congestion, and short circuits of important functional territories contribute to spleen dysfunction, which occurs early. Common pathogens attacking sickle cell patients are pneumococci, salmonella species, and Haemophilus influenzae. They cause very grave infections (e.g., septicemia and purulent meningitis). Prevention of infections dwells on three perspectives: early screening for sickle cell anemia and for spleen dysfunction, preventive penicillin therapy, and vaccination. In Benin, vaccination is the only means to prevent infections. Essential vaccinations for children with sickle cell anemia include BCG, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, polio, and Rouvax. Strongly recommended vaccinations are Pneumovax 23, HEVAC B, TAB, vaccine against H. influenzae, and vaccine against mumps. A vaccine calendar for children with sickle cell anemia guides health workers when they must administer the vaccines and their boosters over a six year period. It is not yet universal in health facilities in Benin. A short- and long-term evaluation of the calendar's efficacy would allow one to appreciate its real impact on reducing morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell anemia.
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PMID:[Prevention of infectious diseases in the drepanocytic child]. 1229 Jan 82

A medical officer for the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) of the World Health Organization (WHO) calls for staff at all health facilities to screen and, if appropriate, immunize every infant, child, and woman of reproductive age attending health facilities. Routine immunization services tend to miss many women and children who should be immunized. Three important components comprise the health team approach needed to avoid missed opportunities: awareness to screen, a well-organized referral system within each health facility, and regular availability of vaccines. In the health facility, the nonimmunized child is at risk of contracting measles, so all such children should be immunized before they leave the health facility. The WHO/EPI medical officer presents five ways to avoid missed opportunities: screen and immunize at every opportunity, administer all required vaccines, stress real and avoid false contraindications, train staff, and open new vials of vaccine when needed. Contraindications to immunization include severe adverse reactions after a dose of vaccine (collapse or shock, convulsions without fever, anaphylaxis, or encephalitis/encephalopathy), neurological disease (for vaccines containing whole cell pertussis), immune deficiency diseases or immunosuppression due to drugs (generally for live vaccines), and symptomatic HIV infections (for BCG or yellow fever vaccines). The following conditions do not preclude immunization: minor illnesses (e.g., upper respiratory infections); allergy, asthma, hay fever, or "snuffles"; prematurity, small-for-date infants; malnutrition; breast feeding; family history of convulsions; treatment with antibiotics, low-dose corticosteroids, or locally acting steroids; eczema or localized skin infection; chronic diseases of the heart, lung, kidney, or liver; stable neurological conditions (e.g., Down syndrome), and history of jaundice after birth. WHO/EPI has an exit survey for use at district-level clinics or hospitals available so program managers can learn if they are missing chances to immunize children.
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PMID:Opportunities to immunise. 1229 31

In 1992 China enacted the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests stipulating their rights in politics, culture and education, property, labor, person, marriage, and family. The legal system has adopted 10 similar legislations, more than 40 administrative laws and regulations, and over 80 local laws and regulations guaranteeing women's rights. The Program for Chinese Women's Development for 1995-2000, issued in August 1995, strives to improve the quality of life. In 1993, 95% of women voted in local elections. 21.03% of the deputies in the Eighth National People's Congress are women, and the proportion of women in local people's congresses is even higher. The number of women employed by the government increased from 10.04 million in 1991 to 12.371 million in 1994. In 1994 there were 16 female ministers or vice ministers, 18 female provincial vice governors, more than 300 female mayors or vice mayors, and 21,012 female judges. 38% of the work force are women, and 50% of the labor force in the countryside is comprised of women. Approximately 8 million (35%) of the country's scientists and technicians are women. Women receive social benefits and care during menstruation, pregnancy, maternity, and breast feeding. They are entitled to 3 months of maternity leave with pay. 80% of girls aged 7-11 attended school in 1990 vs. 97.7% in 1994. During the same period the proportion of female students in secondary schools and universities increased from 42.2% and 33.7%, respectively, to 44.3% and 34.5%, respectively. There is a state-sponsored family planning policy in place. As a result, the contraceptive prevalence of married women rose from 75% in 1990 to 83% in 1994; the birth rate dropped from 21.06/1000 in 1990 to 17.7/1000 in 1994; and the total fertility rate dropped from 2.31 to 2.0 per woman. Around 98% of urban women and 79% of rural women get prenatal care; and maternal mortality declined from 94.7/100,000 in 1989 to 67.3/100,000 in 1993. In 1994 the proportion of children inoculated against pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, BCG, measles, and polio reached over 90%. There are 3164 health care institutions for women and children in China.
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PMID:The progress of human rights in China. Protecting the legitimate rights and interests of women and children. 1229 37


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