Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An earlier report on the Nigerian expanded programme on immunization (EPI), covering 1974-1988, failed to demonstrate a clear-cut impact of the programme. This report attempts to determine the effectiveness of EPI in Borno State, Nigeria. We analysed trends in routine notifications for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, measles, and pneumonia, from 1985 to 1991; data on poliomyelitis were excluded because of poor documentation, while we included data on pneumonia for comparison. We also performed a before (1983-1987) after (1988-1991) comparison in terms of the intensifications of EPI by age-specific strata amongst paediatric hospitalization for all EPI diseases at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, the sole referral hospital for childhood infectious diseases. Our results show an apparent reduction in morbidity from diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles and pneumonia, and this was particularly prominent following intense vaccinations between 1988 and 1991. The reduction in these EPI diseases and pneumonia occurred despite the prevailing adverse socioeconomic conditions, and the absence of a specific control strategy for pneumonia in Nigeria. On the other hand, in spite of national BCG coverage of about 90% there has been a recent (1989-1991) increase in the registered cases of tuberculosis in infants and older children in Borno State. There is a need to intensify other intervention measures alongside EPI activities.
 ...
PMID:The EPI in Borno State, Nigeria: impact on routine disease notifications and hospital admissions. 146 Jun 96

In Niger, mobile health teams provided the first health services for nomadic populations, but these services have proved ineffective and costly. Since 1971, many dispensaries have been established in the rural areas to perform immunization. A 1990 evaluation of the Agadez region, in the northeast showed poor returns on investments. Immunization has been carried out by the mobile medical service since 1968 using 2 teams, each comprising 2 nurses, 2 vaccinators, and a driver/guide. The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was launched in 1988 with both mobile teams and fixed health services. By the end of the year the region had achieved coverages of 40% for BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) in children 1 year of age, 54% for 3rd dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT3) immunization, 35% for children protected against tetanus, and 47% for 2nd dose of tetanus toxoid. The mobile medical service provided less than 10% of first dose DPT (DPT1) and measles immunizations and under 5% of DPT3 coverage which continued in the first 6 months of 1991. A survey in Mali during 1974 showed that the per capita cost of immunization by mobile units was 11 times higher than that performed by fixed units. The health district consists of the rural dispensaries, the first point of contact for patients who may have to travel up to 30 kilometers; and medical posts, which are intermediate referral facilities usually with an ambulance vehicle. These 2 types of health services cannot cover the rural areas effectively and do not involve the community. Fixed health facilities should not be limited to a radius of 5 kilometers, they should establish seasonal circuits as the population moves, and 1 or more areas should be served by an intermediate fed health post. Health teams should carry out immunization and family planning, as well as the education and the supervision of first level workers. In the nomadic areas, every health district should have at least 1 health post.
 ...
PMID:What health system for nomadic populations? 146 27

In July 1991 a new vaccination strategy has been recommended. Two alterations are involved; the general recommendation of the pertussis immunization and a second MMR vaccination. Comments are given on BCG-, pertussis-, MMR- and HIB-vaccinations. The continued existence or the new foundation respectively of medical advisory boards on immunization problems in all states of the Federal Republic of Germany are strongly recommended.
 ...
PMID:[A new vaccination schedule]. 149 61

In 1987 the nutritional status of Zambian children under 5 years of age was studied in 3 regions around Kamoto Hospital with the objective of exploring the prevalence if malnutrition and contributing factors such as maternal education and immunization status. Jumbe was within easy reach of the hospital with a relatively high standard of living. Masumba and Kakumbi were different areas in one region with their own health center further away from the hospital. Chibembe was isolated without good roads. The nutritional status of 1-5 year old children was measured by the Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). A questionnaire with 22 questions queried mothers about education, breast feeding, meals, water supply, and sanitation. A total of 1251 children were observed, 1222 under age 5, and 29 a little older. 40% of mothers had no education and 54% had some primary education (15.2% passed grade 4, 7.3% reached grade 6, and 18.2% finished grade 7). Less than 5% attended secondary school, and only 1% of mothers finished it. In Chibembe almost 50% of mothers had no education, secondary school education was the lowest of the regions, while in Jumbe was the highest. Immunizations included Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) at birth, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP I, II, III, and a booster), oral polio vaccine (OPV) I, II, III, and a booster, and measles. The Chibembe region has the highest number of incomplete immunizations. In the Jumbe region unknown immunization presumably contributed to a higher number of older children. The nutritional status of children was the lowest in Chibembe region with a 10.8% rate of malnutrition and the lowest rate of maternal education. In Masumba/Kakumbi malnutrition was the lowest with 5.6%, while maternal education and complete immunization were the highest. The nutritional status of the completely immunized children was better. MUAC should be routinely employed for children under 5 years of age.
 ...
PMID:Immunisation and nutritional status of under-fives in rural Zambia. 150 11

Two peptides, designated L and K, covering a sequence near the NH-terminal end of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin (PT) were conjugated to the PPD (purified protein derivative) of M. tuberculosis by either glutaraldehyde (GLUT) or succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) and injected into groups of mice and guinea pigs. Initially, the effect of priming the animals with BCG vaccine and the use of aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant for the anti-peptide antibody response was studied. The group of BCG-primed mice immunized with adsorbed peptide conjugates showed the highest anti-peptide conjugate antibody response. Based on this finding, groups of BCG-primed mice were immunized four times with either adsorbed peptide L-GLUT, peptide L-SMCC/SPDP or peptide K-SMCC/SPDP conjugates and the fine peptide specificity as well as the PT and S1 cross-reactivity was investigated in ELISA. Mice immunized with peptide L-GLUT showed a significant antibody response to the homologous conjugate, only, whereas the group injected with the peptide L-SMCC/SPDP conjugate gave a significant response to both peptide K and L conjugated by the SMCC-SPDP method. Likewise, mice immunized with the peptide K-SMCC/SPDP conjugate reacted with the homologous and peptide L-SMCC/SPDP conjugate, although only the response to the former conjugate was significantly greater than the response to PPD. All groups showed a strong anti-PPD response. The anti-PT/S1 cross-reactivity of the antisera varied considerably within each group but was found to be highest in the peptide L-GLUT-immunized animals. The results of the present study not only stress the importance of BCG priming and use of aluminium hydroxide adjuvants for the immunogenicity of the peptides in question but also point to the specificity of the conjugation methods employed as low cross-reactivity between the anti-peptide L-GLUT and L-SMCC/SPDP antisera was noted. Moreover, it appeared that the choice of conjugation method may have an effect on the ability of the peptide conjugates to induce an antibody response cross-reacting with the native protein.
 ...
PMID:Induction of polyclonal antibodies to the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin by synthetic peptides coupled to PPD: effect of conjugation method, adjuvant, priming and animal species. 155 91

Increasing numbers of immigrants from the former Soviet Union are settling in the United States each year, making it imperative for clinicians to know how to find and interpret immigrant children's immunization records. Records show that these children have usually received immunizations against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps and tuberculosis (BCG). They are occasionally vaccinated against influenza, smallpox and tularemia, but never against rubella, hepatitis B or H. influenzae meningitis. The Soviet immunization schedule differs significantly from the U.S. schedule only in BCG vaccine and polio immunization. Contrary to widespread belief in the United States, BCG vaccination does not necessarily render a child's tuberculin skin test positive, and it certainly does not confer total immunity to tuberculosis. MMR vaccination is essential for all Soviet immigrant children. A single update of all the other immunizations may be a wise approach when handling Soviet children's immunizations.
 ...
PMID:Clinical management of immigrants' immunization histories: a focus on Soviet health records and BCG. 157 76

In March 1991 the Supreme Board of Health issued new recommendations for immunization of children which are basically similar to those issued in 1989, but were partially reformulated. Again, BCG vaccination is not generally recommended and should be given only to individuals at high risk of contracting the disease. It is therefore not listed any more in the general recommendations (A) but only mentioned under special vaccinations (B). Special indications for BCG vaccination were clearly reformulated. Vaccinations against diphtheria-tetanus or pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus are recommended as usual, an oral pertussis vaccine is presently not available and an acellular pertussis vaccine is under study. Booster vaccinations at school entry will be performed with a low dose of diphtheria-toxoid to avoid local side reactions.
 ...
PMID:[The Austrian vaccination plan]. 194 18

Researchers interviewed 194 mothers of children 1-2 years old in Port Moresby, New Guinea to determine why childhood immunizations are not completed. They also looked at the baby clinic books to see if the children received the completed doses of vaccines. 87% did not know why children should be immunized. Moreover only 13% believed immunizations could prevent disease. Further 86.6% could not list any of the diseases that immunizations target. 11.9% did correctly report measles, tuberculosis, polio, and pertussis, however. On the other hand, 3 (1.5%) mothers incorrectly believed immunizations protect against malaria, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The relationship between lack of knowledge and noncompletion of immunization was not significant, however (p=.07). 76.8% reported very rude behavior on the part of the health staff. 15.5% went so far to say that the health staff often reacted aggressively towards them. Only 7.7% reported kind of behavior. Mothers who perceived health staff attitudes as negative tended not to return to the clinic with their children for the 3rd dose (p=.002). DPT and polio vaccine coverage declined consistently from 94% (1st dose) to 79% (3rd dose). Nevertheless 3rd dose coverage was considered rather high. Since hospital delivery was almost universal in Port Moresby and hospital staff routinely administer the BCG vaccination prior to discharge, BCG coverage was high (96%), however. Emphasis in the national immunization program should be on changing health staff attitudes leading to improvements in the social interaction between patients and health staff.
 ...
PMID:Possible reasons for non-completion of immunization in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea. 205 99

Childhood immunization in Iran was assessed by a WHO EPI (World Health Organization, Expanded Program on Immunization) cluster survey method covering 2118 children aged 12-23 months in 1987. Complete immunization was defined as a minimum of 3 DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), 3 OPV (oral polio vaccine), 1 BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), and 1 live attenuated measles vaccine by age 1 year. Iran's Primary Health Care system consists of a rural branch operated by mobile male and female teams, and an urban branch still in the process of changing from cure-oriented care to emphasis on health education, nutrition, and maternal-child health services. Complete immunization coverage by age 1 was better in rural areas, 44.1%, than in urban areas, 28.2%, and Teheran 34.9%. There was no relationship between immunization coverage and infant mortality rate, which is dominated by diarrhea. The reason for better coverage in rural areas is that village workers actively search out, visit and immunize children, while in urban areas provide physicians dominate care, but do not insist on immunization. Furthermore, in Teheran, BCG is not routinely given, which lowered the overall immunization coverage rate there.
 ...
PMID:Primary health care and immunisation in Iran. 206 95

The Central Government of Calcutta, India aimed to immunize 85% (85,262) of the city's 12 month old infants against polio, diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis, pertussis and tetanus. The Universal Immunization Program (UIP) achieved this target 3 months earlier than intended. In fact, at the end of December 1990, it achieved 110.6% for DPT3, 142.16% for OPV3, 151.96% for BCG, and 97% for measles. UIP was able to surpass its targets by emphasizing team work. Government, the private sector, UNICEF, and the voluntary sector made up the Apex Coordination Committee on Immunization headed up by the mayor. The committee drafted an action plan which included routine immunization sessions on a fixed day and intensive immunization drives. Further the involved organizations pooled together cold chain equipment. In addition, the District Family Welfare Bureau was the distribution center for vaccines, syringes, immunization cards, report formats, vaccine carriers, and ice packs. Health workers administered immunizations from about 300 centers generally on Wednesday, National Immunization Day. Intensive immunization drives focused on measles immunizations. UIP leaders encouraged all center to routinely record coverage and submit monthly progress reports to the District Family Welfare Bureau. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation coordinated promotion activities and social mobilization efforts. Promotion included radio and TV announcements, newspaper advertisements, cinema slides, billboards, and posters. The original UIP plan to use professional communicators to mobilize communities was ineffective, so nongovernmental organizations entered the slums to encourage people to encourage their neighbors to immunize their children. Further Islamic, Protestant, and Catholic leaders encouraged the faithful to immunize their children. A UNICEF officer noted that this success must be sustained, however.
 ...
PMID:Universal immunization in urban areas: Calcutta's success story. 213 77


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>