Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the principal immunoglobulin involved in immediate hypersensitivities and chronic allergic diseases. The effect of an aqueous extract of Poncirus trifoliata (L) Raf. (Rutaceae) fruits (PTFE) on in vivo and in vitro IgE production was investigated. PTFE dose-dependently inhibited the active systemic anaphylaxis and serum IgE production induced by immunization with ovalbumin, Bordetella pertussis toxin and aluminum hydroxide gel. PTFE strongly inhibited interleukin 4 (IL-4)-dependent IgE production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine whole spleen cells. In the case of U266 human IgE-bearing B cells, PTFE also showed an inhibitory effect on the IgE production. These results suggest that PTFE has an anti-allergic activity by inhibition of IgE production from B cells.
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PMID:Inhibition of immunoglobulin E production by Poncirus trifoliata fruit extract. 1047 74

A guinea pig model to assess the immunogenicity of a combination vaccine containing diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid (HibT) was evaluated comparatively with the mouse immunogenicity test to study the effect of combining these antigens on the immunogenicity of various components. The immunogenicity test in mice was performed by subcutaneous injection of groups of 10 animals twice at an interval of four weeks with 1/10 of a single human dose of various formulations of combination vaccines, DTaP or HibT vaccine. The animals were bled at 4 and 6 weeks and IgG or total antibodies to various components were determined by ELISA or RIA. The guinea pig immunogenicity model included groups of animals injected subcutaneously twice at an interval of six weeks with 1.5 times the single human dose of various formulations. The animals were bled at 4, 6 and 8 weeks and serum samples were tested for antibodies to various components by ELISA, RIA and/or neutralization tests. Additionally, potency of tetanus and diphtheria components was assessed as per the US Food and Drug Administration's regulations. Aluminium phosphate (AIPO(4)) adsorbed HibT vaccine or HibT as a combination with AIPO(4)adsorbed DTaP vaccine showed significant increases in IgG antibodies to tetanus toxin in mice as well increased tetanus antitoxin levels in guinea pigs as compared to soluble HibT vaccine. In general, combining DTaP and HibT vaccines did not affect the antibody levels to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids whereas DTaP-HibT combination vaccine elicited significantly lower IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin and filamentous haemagglutinin than DTaP vaccine alone, particularly after first injection. Mice showed similar Hib antibody responses for the combination and HibT alone whereas guinea pigs consistently showed lower anamnestic responses to Hib for combination formulations than for HibT alone. Reducing the amount of HibT and/or tetanus toxoid in the combination formulations reduced this suppression of Hib antibody response in guinea pigs. Suppression of Hib antibody response in combination vaccines has also been reported from recent clinical trials. Based on the results from this study, it appears that the guinea pig model may be able to predict the human response to various components of combination vaccines.
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PMID:Evaluation of a guinea pig model to assess interference in the immunogenicity of different components of a combination vaccine comprising diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine and haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. 1060 Feb 8

Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) has been shown to inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells. In the present study, the effect of DSCG on active anaphylactic reaction was studied in mice. DSCG dose-dependently inhibited the active systemic anaphylactic reaction and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E production induced by immunization with ovalbumin, Bordetella pertussis toxin and aluminum hydroxide gel. DSCG strongly inhibited IL-4-dependent IgE production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine whole spleen cells. In the case of U266 human IgE-bearing B cells, DSCG also showed an inhibitory effect on the IgE production. These results suggest that DSCG has an anti-anaphylactic activity by inhibition of IgE production from B cells.
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PMID:Disodium cromoglycate inhibits production of immunoglobulin E. 1141 50

Phagocytosis is a receptor-mediated process by which specialized cell types engulf large extracellular particles. Phagosome maturation involves a series of intracellular membrane fusion and budding events resulting in the delivery of particles to compartments enriched in lysosomal hydrolases where they are digested. Substantial amounts of plasma membrane and many phagosomal proteins, such as receptors, rapidly recycle to the plasma membrane following phagosome formation. Despite the importance of this recycling pathway in phagosome maturation and in the retrieval of immunogenic peptides from phagosomes, the molecular machinery involved is largely unknown. To assess the participation of GTPases in phagocytosis and recycling from phagosomes we used aluminum fluoride (AIF(-)(4)), which activates the GDP-bound form of stimulatory and inhibitory trimeric G proteins. AlF(-)(4) inhibited both the uptake to and the recycling from the phagosomal compartment. Cholera toxin, which activates Galphas, and pertussis toxin, which uncouples Gi and Go from receptors, were effective inhibitors of phagocytosis. However, both toxins stimulated recycling from phagosomes. These results suggest that more than one GTP-binding protein participates either directly or indirectly not only in phagocytosis, but also in maturation and recycling from phagosomes, and thereby assign a role for heterotrimeric G proteins in controlling traffic through the phagocytic pathway.
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PMID:Involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins in phagocytosis and recycling from the phagosomal compartment. 1169 95

This study compared the effects of cholera toxin (CTX) and pertussis toxin (PTX) on the actions of sodium fluoride (NaF) and those of aluminum fluoride (AlF3) on cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as tyrosine phosphorylation level of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human bone cells. NaF and AlF3 each significantly stimulated the proliferation of human TE85 osteosarcoma cells, increased cellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and increased MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation level. CTX completely blocked the bone cell anabolic activities of both NaF and AlF3. While PTX (2 ng/ml) inhibited the bone cell actions of NaF, it had no significant effect on those of AlF3. Both CTX and PTX completely blocked the stimulatory action of AlF3 on MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation, but neither toxin had an effect on the action of NaF on MAPK tyrosine phosphorylation. In conclusion, PTX and CTX had contrasting effects on the anabolic bone cell actions of NaF and AlF3 actions. These findings argue against the hypothesis that the osteogenic activity of NaF is mediated via the formation of AlF3 in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells.
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PMID:Differential effects of bacterial toxins on mitogenic actions of sodium fluoride and those of aluminum fluoride in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells. 1185 46

The precise role that aluminum plays in local reactogenicity is not clear. We explored the relationship between rates of severe local reactions following the fourth and fifth booster doses of several diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP) and the quantity of aluminum contained in the different vaccines. Although there was a significant relationship between higher aluminum contents and swelling reactions >50 mm after dose 5, no relationship was seen with entire thigh swelling or with swelling >50 mm after dose 4. Because of the inconsistency of the data, a dose response between local reactogenicity and aluminum is questionable.
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PMID:Lack of consistent relationship between quantity of aluminum in diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines and rates of extensive swelling reactions. 1218 64

The activity of an auxin-stimulated NADH oxidase of the plasma membrane of hypocotyls of etiolated soybean (Glycine max Merr.) seedlings responded to guanine and other nucleotides, but in a manner that differed from that of enzymes coupled to the classic trimeric and low molecular weight monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). In the presence and absence of either auxin or divalent ions, both GTP and GDP as well as guanosine-5[prime]-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-[gamma]-S) and other nucleoside di- and triphosphates stimulated the oxidase activity over the range 10 [mu]M to 1 mM. GTP and GTP-[gamma]-S stimulated the activity at 10 nM in the absence of added magnesium and at 1 nM in the presence of added magnesium ions. Other nucleotides stimulated at 100 nM and above. The NADH oxidase was stimulated by 10 [mu]M mastoparan and by 40 [mu]M aluminum fluoride. Neither cholera nor pertussis toxins, tested at a concentration sufficient to block mammalian G protein function, inhibited the activity. Guanosine 5[prime]-O-(2-thiodi-phosphate) (GDP-[beta]-S) did not stimulate activity, suggesting that the stimulation in response to GDP may be mediated by a plasma membrane nucleoside diphosphate kinase through conversion of GDP to GTP. Auxin stimulation of the NADH oxidase was unaffected by nucleotides at either high or low nucleotide concentrations in the absence of added divalent ions. However, pretreatment of plasma membranes with auxin increased the apparent affinity for nucleotide binding. This increased affinity, however, appeared not to be the mechanism of auxin stimulation of the oxidase, since auxin stimulation was similar with or without low concentrations of guanine nucleotides. The stimulation by nucleotides was observed after incubating the membranes with 0.1% Triton X-100 prior to assay. The results suggest a role of guanine (and other) nucleotides in the regulation of plasma membrane NADH oxidase that differs from the interactions with G proteins commonly described for animal models.
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PMID:NADH Oxidase Activity of Plasma Membranes of Soybean Hypocotyls Is Activated by Guanine Nucleotides. 1223 49

The partially degraded lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia (LPSdegr) and the ornithine-containing lipids were purified from some bacteria. The substances were developed as complex lipid adjuvants, because they have weak toxicity and are able to activate the immune systems of the living body. After various toxoid antigens such as pertussis toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid were mixed with the complex lipid adjuvants, the mixtures were administered to mice subcutaneously. Antitoxoid IgG antibody titers in the serum were measured several times over 3 months. The efficacy of the LPSdegr as adjuvant was almost as high as that of the ornithine-containing lipids, and it was almost equal to that of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Alum), which is generally used as a vaccine adjuvant.
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PMID:The partially degraded lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia and ornithine-containing lipids derived from some Gram-negative bacteria are useful complex lipid adjuvants. 1242 68

Pertussis toxin (PTx) in its detoxified form is an important component of both whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines (ACVs). For safety reasons, it is imperative to ensure that the quantity of residual PTx in vaccines does not exceed permissible levels. The majority of the toxic effects of PTx have been attributed to the consequences of PTx-catalyzed ribosylation of the alpha-subunits of signal-transducing guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins. In this report PTx ribosylation activity was determined by an improved enzymatic-high performance liquid chromatography coupled assay using a fluorescein labeled Galpha(i3)C20 peptide. The effect of aluminum salts and other vaccine components on the assay system were also studied. The enzymatic assay system was shown to be a convenient, sensitive method and correlate well with the toxicity observed in vivo by the histamine sensitization assay. This method forms the basis of a new assay which could replace the unsatisfactory animal test currently used in pertussis vaccines control.
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PMID:Detection of residual pertussis toxin in vaccines using a modified ribosylation assay. 1244 61

DPT, a combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis is available since many years and still continued in the national immunisation schedule of many countries. Although highly potent, reactions to DPT vaccine are well known, mainly attributed to the factors like Pertussis component, aluminum adjuvant and lower purity of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. The latter most important aspect has become a matter of concern, specially for the preparation of next generation combination vaccines with more number of antigens in combination with DPT. Purity of toxoid is expressed as Lf (Limes flocculation) per mg of protein nitrogen. The Kjeldahl method (KM) of protein nitrogen estimation suggested by WHO and British Pharmacopoeia is time consuming and less specific. Need has been felt to explore an alternative method which is quick and more specific for toxoid protein determination. DC (detergent compatible) protein assay, an improved Lowry's method, has been found to be much more advantageous than Kjeldahl method.
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PMID:Comparative quantitation for the protein content of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids by DC protein assay and Kjeldahl method. 1293 7


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