Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The adjuvant and antigen components of the pertussis fraction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine were evaluated. Four preparations of DTP vaccine composed of either whole cell (Wc) or extracted (E) pertussis antigen combined with either an aluminum phosphate (Ph) or alum (Al) adjuvant were compared. Local reactions were similar in all four vaccines after the first two immunizations but were significantly increased in incidence and severity following the third immunization with vaccine WcPh. This appeared to be due to the Ph adjuvant rather than the antigen component. Febrile reactions were experienced more often (P = .0009) and with higher temperatures (P = .0001) with the WcPh vaccine following the first immunization. This appeared to be due to the Wc component. Comparing the pooled Wc groups with the pooled E groups revealed a greater febrile response in the Wc group after both the first (P = .0008) and the second (P = .03) immunization. Local reactions appear temporally and etiologically to be distinct from febrile reactions. The pooled Wc antigen group produced a higher geometric mean titer than the pooled E antigen group (P = .05). Serologic responses, with respect to geometric mean titer, were not significantly different among the individual vaccines. This study suggests that the combination of whole cell and aluminum phosphate, which is currently in use in the United States, is probably not the optimal formulation for pertussis vaccine.
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PMID:Evaluation of the pertussis components of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. 629 55

The effect of 4 adjuvants on the response in the lactating bovine mammary gland to an antigenic stimulus was examined. Fifty four lactating Holstein Friesian cows were randomly allocated to 6 groups. Four of these groups received a staphylococcal and streptococcal bacterin-toxoid vaccine administered systemically in association with an adjuvant preparation. The adjuvants used were: aluminum hydroxide gel, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, a metabolizable lipid emulsion and Bordetella pertussis. Two further groups serving as controls received saline, or the vaccine suspended in saline only. The immunoglobulin G response specific for each of 3 vaccine antigens, was monitored in the milk by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for a period of 23 weeks. The results indicated that high levels of antibody may be maintained in the milk, throughout the average lactation, if cows are vaccinated in the region of the supramammary lymph node with an optimum dose of antigen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant.
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PMID:Comparative effect of selected adjuvants on the response in the bovine mammary gland to staphylococcal and streptococcal antigens. 638 64

An 8-month-old child underwent a muscle biopsy because of hypotonia. The biopsy showed centronuclear myopathy and, in addition, an unusual granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. The child died of respiratory complications and a complete autopsy failed to reveal further evidence of granulomatous disease. The lesion was reproduced in experimental animals by intramuscular injection of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine. Granular material present in histiocytes in these lesions was shown histochemically to be an aluminum salt.
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PMID:Muscle granulomas following intramuscular injection. 715 75

Rats immunized with sulbenicillin-ovalbumin (SBPC-OvA) in combination with aluminum hydroxide (alum) and thimerosal-killed Bordetella pertussis produced high levels of anti-SBPC antibodies. Anti-SBPC antibodies were first detected on day 8, reaching the maximum titer on day 12 and rapidly declined thereafter. Anti-SBPC sera obtained on day 13 were sulfhydryl-labile and heat-labile. The optimal latent period in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction was 60 approximately 72 hours. These results indicate that anti-SBPC antibodies were IgE antibodies. Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wister and F344 rats were equally productive of anti-SBPC antibodies, while SD rats were more productive of anti-cephaloridine (CER) antibodies than Wister and F344 rats did. In SD rats, the IgE antibodies for penicillin G (PCG), ampicillin (ABPC) and SBPC were more easily produced than the IgE antibodies for CER, cefazolin (CEZ) and cephacetrile (CEC).
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PMID:IgE antibodies for penicillins and cephalosporins in rats. I. Characteristics of the IgE antibodies for penicillins and cephalosporins in rats. 725 12

Reports of abscesses after the use of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP vaccine) from two different lots (No. 1 and 2) of a single manufacturer (manufacturer A) prompted an investigation into the rates of abscess formation following the use of DTP vaccine from several different manufacturers. A total of 74 abscesses for lot 1, 16 for lot 2, and three for other DTP products was uncovered. The overall rate after lots 1 and 2 was 1.1 per 1,000 doses administered compared with 0.01 per 1,000 doses for DTP vaccine from other manufacturers (P less than .0001). Faulty technique, site and route of inoculation, microbiologic contamination, and hypersensitivity were ruled out as likely explanations for the increase in abscesses among recipients of DTP vaccine from manufacturer A. Use of a single needle to withdraw vaccine from the vial and to inoculate the vaccinees, combined with high aluminum adjuvant content in the implicated vaccine, may have led to an increased rate of abscess formation.
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PMID:Abscesses complicating DTP vaccination. 728 59

Melatonin has been found to inhibit or enhance the constitutive secretion of proteins from the cultured melanoma cells at nanomolar concentrations (0.5-10 nM), in a dose dependent manner. The amplitude and direction of the response were found to depend on cell density: melatonin inhibited the release early after plating or at low cell density, but facilitated the release later on, or at high cell density. To elucidate the involvement of G-proteins in these responses, the effects of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP tau S; which was introduced into the cells during the process of permeabilization and resealing with ATP), aluminum fluoride, pertussis and cholera toxins on protein secretion from the cells were assessed in the absence and presence of melatonin. At low cell density, melatonin inhibited release, but paradoxically enhanced it when GTP hydrolysis was blocked (by GTP tau S or cholera toxin treatment). Aluminum fluoride and melatonin inhibited protein release in the absence or presence of GTP tau S. At high cell density, melatonin facilitated the release and so did GTP tau S, aluminum fluoride, their combination, and cholera toxin treatment. However, in the presence of the combination of GTP tau S, aluminium fluoride and melatonin, protein release was paradoxically inhibited. Similar treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, did not affect the melatonin-mediated inhibition or facilitation. These results indicate that the effects of melatonin on protein secretion are mediated by at least one heterotrimeric G protein which belongs to the Gs class. In addition, melatonin can facilitate secretion via a cholera and pertussis toxins-insensitive mechanism which can be inhibited by aluminum fluoride. This effect is manifested when Gs is permanently activated (by GTP tau S or cholera toxin).
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PMID:Facilitation and inhibition of G-protein regulated protein secretion by melatonin. 758 Aug 73

Defective vasodilator function could be important in the pathogenesis and/or maintenance of the hypertensive state and the predisposition of the elderly to hypertension. Impaired beta-adrenergic-mediated vasodilation and reduced lymphocyte beta-adrenergic activation of adenyl cyclase have been demonstrated both in aging and with hypertension. The cellular mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. To determine if these defects may be due to alterations in guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) that link receptor activation with effector function, we assessed (1) human lymphocyte adenyl cyclase activity, (2) stimulatory G proteins by cholera toxin-mediated [32P]ADP ribosylation and, in hypertensive subjects, with alpha s-specific and beta-subunit antisera, and (3) inhibitory G proteins by pertussis toxin-mediated [32P]ADP ribosylation and, in older subjects, with alpha i,1,2- and beta-subunit-specific antisera. Lymphocytes from older subjects and from hypertensive subjects demonstrated a comparable reduction in isoproterenol-stimulated adenyl cyclase. However, aluminum fluoride-stimulated activity was reduced only in lymphocytes from hypertensive subjects. Furthermore, aluminum fluoride-stimulated activity was inversely correlated with mean arterial pressure. In lymphocytes from younger hypertensive subjects, cholera toxin-mediated labeling was significantly increased. In contrast, inhibitory G protein labeling by immunodetection was unaltered. In lymphocytes from older subjects, cholera toxin-mediated labeling was not altered; however, pertussis toxin-mediated labelling was significantly increased. In contrast, inhibitory G protein labeling by immunodetection was unaltered. Overall, the study suggests alterations of G protein function of adenyl cyclase is impaired. However, these defects are associated with divergent alterations in stimulatory and inhibitory G proteins.
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PMID:G protein alterations in hypertension and aging. 759 Oct 10

1. Aluminium fluoride (AlF), pertussis toxin (PTX) and cholera toxin (ChTX) have been used to examine the involvement of G-proteins during muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in fragments of longitudinal smooth muscle from the small intestine of the guinea-pig. 2. Carbachol (CCh) induced time- and concentration-dependent increases in [3H]-inositol monophosphates, [3H]-inositol (1,4) bisphosphate, [3H]-inositol (1,3,4) trisphosphate, [3H]-inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate ([3H]-Ins (1,4,5)P3) and [3H]-inositol tetrakisphosphates measured by h.p.l.c. These increases were inhibited > 95% in the presence of the muscarinic AChR antagonist atropine (0.5 microM). 3. AlF transiently increased the basal levels of [3H]-Ins (1,4,5)P3 but increases in the levels of the other [3H]-inositol phosphates occurred more slowly. CCh-induced increases in the levels of all the [3H]-inositol phosphates were strongly inhibited in the presence of AlF. 4. PTX had no effect on basal levels of any of the [3H]-inositol phosphates but reduced the effects of CCh on these; ChTX had no effects on either basal or CCh-stimulated levels. 5. It was concluded that muscarinic AChR-stimulated increases in the levels of [3H]-inositol phosphates occur via both a PTX-sensitive G-protein and a PTX-insensitive mechanism. The actions of AlF may suggest the involvement of an inhibitory G-protein in the regulation of muscarinic AChR-stimulated inositol phospholipid turnover.
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PMID:G-protein involvement in muscarinic receptor-stimulation of inositol phosphates in longitudinal smooth muscle from the small intestine of the guinea-pig. 771 7

T lymphocytes are potentially of importance in determining the inflammatory response in the airways after allergen challenge. We hypothesized that the proliferative response of lymphocytes on exposure to allergen in vitro would be associated with the magnitude of the airway response in vivo after inhalational challenge. We studied Brown Norway rats that were actively sensitized with ovalbumin (OA) in aluminum hydroxide gel using Bordetella pertussis as an adjuvant. Two weeks later, blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and their proliferative response to culture with OA was measured with 3H-thymidine incorporation. Subsequently, the animals were anesthetized and challenged with aerosolized OA. Early allergic response (ER) and late (LR) allergic response were determined from the changes in pulmonary resistance (RL). Both significant ER and LR were observed in sensitized and challenged animals. The LR (measured as the area under the curve of RL against time) had a median value of 15.2 and ranged from 0.1 to 81.1 units. Lymphocyte proliferation occurred on exposure to OA (34,336 +/- 7,447 cpm) but less than after the mitogen Concanavalin A (250,685 +/- 76,676 cpm). The stimulation index (OA-stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation standardized for baseline incorporation) was positively correlated with the magnitude of the late response. Interleukin-2 was significantly increased in the supernatant of cultured mononuclear cells exposed to OA, confirming T-cell activation. We conclude that the capacity of sensitized peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allergens may determine the magnitude of late airway responses.
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PMID:Association between late allergic bronchoconstriction in the rat and allergen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. 784 8

In a preliminary study, we observed the production of TSH binding-inhibiting (TBII) and thyroid-blocking (TBAb) antibodies accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid in a pool of male BALB/c mice immunized with the extracellular domain (ECD) of the human TSH receptor (TSHR) expressed as a maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion in bacteria. In the present study we evaluated the humoral response to the same antigenic preparation in a new series of individual male and female BALB/c mice immunized ip on day 0 with 100 micrograms MBP-ECD and days 25, 39, and 53 with 50 micrograms MBP-ECD in an adjuvant composed of aluminum oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and Bordetella pertussis vaccine. Mice immunized with MBP served as control. Individual sera and immunoglobulins were tested for TBII, TBAb, and thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) on days 0, 32, 46, and 60, and total circulating T4 levels were measured by RIA. Animals were killed on day 120, their thyroids were examined histologically, the infiltrates were characterized using monoclonal antibodies specific for T-cells (total, activated, helper, and suppressor), B-cells, and macrophages. Sera and immunoglobulins G of the MBP-treated control group were all negative for TSAb, TBAb, and TBII activity. The receptor-immunized mice, despite having high titers of antibodies to the immunogen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, displayed a heterogeneous response in terms of biological activity, with 3 of 7 female and 4 of 8 male mice having TBAb/TBII activities that persisted and whose activity increased throughout the experiment. No significant TSAb antibody activity was observed. Total T4 levels were also heterogeneous even before immunization, but 9 of 15 MBP-ECD-treated mice had levels below the normal range after immunization, and 7 of these also had TBII/TBAb activities. At the end of the experiment, only 4 of the MBP-ECD-treated female mice survived, but all of them had a severe lymphocytic infiltration of their thyroid, composed mostly of activated T-cells, although B-cells and macrophages were also present. A similar infiltrate was seen in 4 of 8 male MBP-ECD-treated mice. No infiltrate was observed in male or female MBP-treated mice. The model described demonstrates the feasibility of using the TSHR as an immunogen to overcome tolerance and mimics some characteristics of human autoimmune disease of the thyroid.
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PMID:Recombinant thyrotropin receptor and the induction of autoimmune thyroid disease in BALB/c mice: a new animal model. 795 39


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