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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp., Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC50 equal to or below 2 mg/l) against Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. and Morganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except some Acinetobacter species against cefdinir and Pseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens like Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak against Listeria spp., Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522). Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet, ceftibuten, loracarbef, cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime, cefaclor and cefadroxil. 180 Mar 77

Four agar media, Jones-Kendrick (JK) charcoal agar unsupplemented, JK agar supplemented with 0.5 U of penicillin per ml, JK medium supplemented with 2.5 micrograms of methicillin per ml, and JK medium supplemented with 40 micrograms of cephalexin per ml, were evaluated to determine their ability to support growth of Bordetella pertussis, their ability to selectively inhibit normal pharyngeal flora while maintaining growth of B. pertussis, and their stability during storage. Five stock cultures of B. pertussis were plated on each of the media. Penicillin- and cephalexin-supplemented media were more inhibitory for early growth of B. pertussis than was medium supplemented with methicillin. However, after 5 days of incubation at 35 degrees C, all media supported good growth of this organism. When employed to detect B. pertussis in sham specimens, prepared by mixing normal pharyngeal material with each of the five B. pertussis stock cultures, the medium containing cephalexin was judged superior to all other media tested in its combined ability to suppress the growth of normal pharyngeal flora and to allow early detection of Bordetella colonies. All media tested retained their efficacy after 9 weeks of storage at 2 to 8 degrees C.
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PMID:Cephalexin-supplemented Jones-Kendrick charcoal agar for selective isolation of Bordetella pertussis: comparison with previously described media. 629 74

The composition of the peptidoglycan of Haemophilus influenzae was determined by analyzing glycopeptides generated by M1 muramidase hydrolysis using high pressure liquid chromatography, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry, and amino acid analysis. The structures of 17 glycopeptides, representing 96% of the total peptidoglycan, were ascertained. Fifteen glycopeptides resembled species described for Escherichia coli peptidoglycan (Glauner, B., and Schwarz, U. (1983) The Target of Penicillin (Hackenbeck, R., ed), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin pp. 29-34) as compared with 9 in common with Bordetella pertussis (Tuomanen, E., Schwartz, J., Sande, S., Light, K., and Gage, D. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11093-11098). Substitutions for L-alanine in the fourth position of the stem peptide included glycine, aspartic acid, and serine. The peptidoglycan was 27% cross-linked, 2% of which formed between diaminopimelic acid residues. No species was identified containing lysyl-arginine residues characteristic of lipoprotein. The peptidoglycan of non-beta-lactamase-mediated antibiotic-resistant H. influenzae differed from that of sensitive strains by an increase in the amount of disaccharide tripeptides and a decrease in 1,6-anhydro dimers. Both changes were transformable properties that changed in a stepwise fashion in parallel with the degree of antibiotic resistance.
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PMID:Composition of the peptidoglycan of Haemophilus influenzae. 850 90

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (IHR) can be divided into allergic- and non-allergic-mediated, while "anaphylaxis" is reserved for severe IHR. Clinically, true penicillin allergy is rare and most reported penicillin allergy is "spurious". Penicillin-initiated anaphylaxis is possible to occur in skin test- and specific IgE-negative patients. The contact system is a plasma protease cascade initiated by activation of factor XII (FXII). Many agents with negative ion surface can activate FXII to drive contact system. Our data showed that penicillin significantly induced hypothermia in propranolol- or pertussis toxin-pretreated mice. It also caused a rapid and reversible drop in rat blood pressure, which did not overlap with IgE-mediated hypotension. These effects could be countered by a bradykinin-B2 receptor antagonist icatibant, and consistently, penicillin indeed increased rat plasma bradykinin. Moreover, penicillin not only directly activated contact system FXII-dependently, but also promoted bradykinin release in plasma incubated-human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In fact, besides penicillin, other beta-lactams also activated the contact system in vitro. Since the autoactivation of FXII can be affected by multiple-factors, plasma from different healthy individuals showed vastly different amidolytic activity in response to penicillin, suggesting the necessity of determining the potency of penicillin to induce individual plasma FXII activation. These results clarify that penicillin-initiated non-allergic anaphylaxis is attributed to contact system activation, which might bring more effective diagnosis options for predicting penicillin-induced fatal risk and avoiding costly and inappropriate treatment clinically.
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PMID:Penicillin causes non-allergic anaphylaxis by activating the contact system. 3284 85