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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An acellular pertussis-component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (AC-DTP) vaccine was compared with a currently licensed, whole-cell pertussis-component DTP (WC-DTP) vaccine for reactogenicity and immunogenicity when given as the fourth DTP immunization in sixty 18- to 24-month-old children. Reactions over the first 48 hours were significantly less common in the AC-DTP vaccine recipients, as follows (WC-DTP/AC-DTP): fever, 85%/5%; redness, 70%/12.5%; tenderness, 100%/22.5%; swelling, 35%/10%; fretfulness, 70%/12.5%; anorexia, 35%/2.5%; and vomiting, 10%/0%. Antibody responses to pertussis antigens (agglutinogens, lymphocytosis-promoting factor, and filamentous hemagglutinin), diphtheria toxoid, and tetanus toxoid in AC-DTP vaccine recipients were comparable with those in WC-DTP vaccine recipients. The AC-DTP vaccine evaluated in this trial seems to be as immunogenic as WC-DTP vaccine while being markedly less reactogenic.
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PMID:A double-blind study comparing an acellular pertussis-component DTP vaccine with a whole-cell pertussis-component DTP vaccine in 18-month-old children. 287 38

On day 0, four groups of children (3 to 6 months old) randomly received IPV alone or IPV + pertussis, or IPV + DP, or IPV + DTP. At days 28 and 56, all the children received the same IPV + DTP vaccine. Polio neutralizing and diphtheria antibodies were determined at days 0, 28 and 56. No adjuvant and even some inhibitory effect of pertussis was observed at days 28 and 56 on mean polio antibody titers. These results are compared to those observed with diphtheria.
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PMID:Lack of adjuvant effect of the pertussis component on IPV DTP-polio vaccine in children. 288 19

A five-year serologic follow-up and a four-year monitoring of the polio and pertussis morbidity in an area immunized with a 2 + 1 dose schedule of a combined DTP-Po vaccine have shown that: the individual protection against polio measured by the presence of neutralizing antibody persists at a very adequate level five years after the first booster; after three years of a steady high proportion of children with pertussis antibody, a considerable drop is observed and in about 28% of individuals agglutinin levels of less than 1:20 were found five years after booster; the community protection against paralytic poliomyelitis and pertussis is satisfactory up to four years after the introduction of the program. Continuation of immunization with a 2 + 1 dose schedule at a maximal coverage and close seroepidemiologic surveillance are necessary in order to draw definite conclusions, because of the potentially strong impact of very dynamic ecological factors present in our geopolitical area upon the agent-host interrelationship.
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PMID:Use of a combined DTP-polio vaccine in a reduced schedule. 288 20

In most developing countries hepatitis B virus is endemic and prevention has to be carried out early in life and on a mass scale. In these regions, simultaneous administration of multiple antigens is normal practice. We have therefore, investigated the interaction of hepatitis B vaccine with DTP-Polio vaccine. Studies include the immune response post one and two injections to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, pertussis and hepatitis B surface antigen. The vaccines were given simultaneously or not at a 6 months interval. The immune response to HBsAg vaccine and DTP-Polio vaccine injected simultaneously was equal to the immune response observed after administration of vaccines alone. Moreover, no adverse reactions were noted. This trial also demonstrated that immunization with two doses of DTP-Polio vaccine, containing 30 Lf of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, at a 6 months interval is sufficient to obtain a very good immune response.
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PMID:Simultaneous administration of diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/polio vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine in a simplified immunization programme. 288 21

The predominant causative organism of whooping cough in Australia is of a serotype which has normally been associated overseas with unvaccinated communities. Australian DTP vaccines pass the statutory mouse test for Bordetella pertussis potency but this test is now believed to be relatively insensitive to certain factors, especially the major type-specific agglutinogens, which are presumably also important in the human host-parasite relationship. Because endemic B. bronchiseptica infections make some laboratory animals unsatisfactory for testing B. pertussis agglutinin responses, we have developed a test in which young farm sheep were immunized with vaccines. Type-specific agglutinins in their sera were assayed after absorption of non-specific agglutinins by suspensions of selected bordetella strains. Three well-reputed European DTP vaccines and two recent batches of Australian DTP vaccine were tested and compared thus. All evoked significant agglutinin responses to the main agglutinogens.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of specific Bordetella pertussis surface antigens in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines. 289 27

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to measure IgG antibody levels in 2638 New Zealand children who had been immunized with the triple vaccine DTP. The percentage of children immune to diphtheria decreased with age. The percentage of children immune to tetanus varied from 67.1 to 55.0%. The percentage of children with measurable antibody to pertussis increased with age. The mean percentages of children with measurable antibody or immunity to one or more DTP components were 34.2% (with 3 components), 34.4% (2 components), and 78.1% (1 component). It appears the immunization strategy for diphtheria and tetanus is satisfactory for herd immunity in New Zealand children. However, the current pertussis strategy may not be providing adequate immunity to 5-year-olds in this country.
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PMID:Antibody level of New Zealand children immunized with the triple vaccine DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis). 290 65

A study was conducted in the rural areas of Senegal to assess the immunogenic effect of 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine with a 6-month interval followed by a booster dose after another month and to compare them with those obtained using 2 doses of a vaccine with a 2-month interval or 3 doses at 1-month intervals. The study population of infants received 3 injections of hepatitis B vaccine at 6-month intervals (T0, T6, and T12, respectively), with the 3rd dose as a booster. Other vaccines also were administered to subsets of children: BCG and diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis-polio (DTP-polio) at T0 and DTP-polio at T6 and T12. 664 infants received the 1st dose of hepatitis B vaccine, 409 the 2nd dose, and 177 the 3rd dose. Blood samples were taken at the time of each injection and in the case of 89 infants also 2 months after the last (booster) dose. Only 26.7% of the infants completed the entire series of injections. Only results from infants who were seronegative at T0 are presented, i.e., 281 infants at T6, 116 at T12, and 65 at T14. At T0 the mean age of the seronegative infants was 10.2 months and that of the seropositive infants with anti-HB antibodies was 7.4 months. The mean age of infants who were only anti-HBc-positive was 4.8 months and that of infants who were already HBsAg-positive at T0 was 14.3 months. The results were compared with those reported for 2 other groups of Senegalese infants: 72 seronegative infants who were immunized using a protocol of 2 doses of hepatitis B vaccine with a 2-month interval; and 111 seronegative infants immunized using 3 doses at 1-month intervals. Both groups also received a booster 12 months after the 1st dose. The anti-HBs response was determined 6 months after the T0 dose of hepatitis B vaccine for the 281 infants who were seronegative. 185 of these children (65.8%) exhibited anti-HB antibodies, but the geometric mean titre (GMT) was only 6.1 mlU/ml. The anti-HBs response of the 116 infants who received the 2nd dose of vaccine was determined when the 3rd (booster) injection was given (T12): 104 were positive for anti-HBs (89.7%), and the anti-HBs GMT was 83.7 mlU/ml. Assay of blood samples from 65 infants 2 months after the booster dose indicated that 62 (95.4%) had anti-HBs antibodies, the anti-HBs GMT reaching 348 mlU/ml. The study results establish that infants administered two 5-mcg doses of hepatitis B vaccine with a 6-month interval exhibit a seroconversion rate and antibody levels comparable to those produced using a protocol comprising 2 doses with a 2-month interval or 3 doses at 1-month intervals.
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PMID:Clinical trial of hepatitis B vaccine in a simplified immunization programme. 295 Oct 32

Pertussis vaccine was originally accused of provoking a short latency explosive encephalopathy with serious mental and physical consequences. Reports of recurrence of encephalopathy, worse after each dose, strengthened the notion of causality. Anecdotal associations can be no more than hypothesis-generating. With no distinctive clinical or pathological neurology, a major epidemiological study was necessary to answer the question "Does whooping cough vaccine cause brain damage in children"? The British national Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES) seemed to indicate that very rarely the answer was yes. Unfortunately the NCES confused disorders which might be notified as "encephalopathy" with actual brain damaging events, imaging a continuum of injury. Close scrutiny of the individual cases, as was possible during the recent test case in the High Court of London, shows that all the temporally associated cases with permanent sequelae had either viral encephalitis or Reye's syndrome. No cases were unexplained. There was an apparent excess of febrile convulsions in the first 24 hours, but all these children were normal at follow-up. The short latency explosive encephalopathy with adverse outcome predicted by the earlier case series did not occur. The NCES gives no support to the idea that pertussis vaccine damages children's brains. Contra-indications to DTP should be the same as to DT.
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PMID:A neurologist looks at neurological disease temporally related to DTP immunization. 307 4

An animal model has been developed to assess the safety of acellular pertussis vaccines in terms of reversion to toxicity. Adsorbed pertussis toxoid preparations, alone or combined in a DTP formulation, were administered to nude mice intraperitoneally. In parallel, groups of positive and negative control mice received pertussis toxin and buffer, respectively. The circulating white blood cells of the animals were monitored for 28 days. Mice immunized with glutaraldehyde toxoid preparations did not develop a lymphocytosis during the observation period, whereas mice immunized with an experimental formalin pertussis toxoid vaccine exhibited a high lymphocytosis six days after vaccine administration, demonstrating, in this model, a reversion of the toxoid. The nude mouse model thus appears to reveal the in-vivo reversion of pertussis toxoids and could be included in the quality control panel for the assessment of the safety of acellular pertussis vaccine.
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PMID:Acellular pertussis vaccines: evaluation of reversion in a nude mouse model. 325 80

Decisions about vaccine use involve the risks of disease, efficacy of the vaccine, and adverse events associated with the vaccine. The goal is to provide protection at the earliest possible age. Available data suggest that even very young infants develop a protective response to a multi-dose series of pertussis vaccine. There are not conclusive data to indicate that true reactions to pertussis vaccine are age-related. The approach in the United States has been to recommend pertussis vaccination early in infancy, usually giving pertussis vaccine in combination with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids as DTP at 2, 4 and 6 months of age with a fourth dose at 15-18 months and a booster dose at 4-6 years just prior to school entry. In recent years, concern about adverse effects possibly caused by pertussis vaccine have led to suggestions that the administration of DTP be delayed by varying periods. To estimate the effects of a 6-month delay in the primary vaccination series, we conducted a decision analysis, following two hypothetical cohorts of 3.7 million children each from birth to their fourth birthday. One cohort was vaccinated at 2, 4, 6 and 18 months of age (the current schedule) whereas the other cohort was vaccinated at 8, 10, 12 and 18 months of age (the proposed schedule). Under base case conditions, assuming no change in adverse events attributable to DTP, a 6-month delay in initiating DTP vaccination would result in 636 more reported cases of pertussis, many with complications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Age at pertussis immunization as it relates to current epidemiology and disease control. 327 10


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