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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper reports the results of the effects of the emergent vaccination with DTP vaccine to control the outbreak of pertussis. Objects of observation were 4-6 years old children of kindergarten having pertussis vaccination and exposed history. The children were at random divided into two groups: 76 children were vaccinated with DTP vaccine and 72 children were inoculated with placebo. The results of observation: there was no strong and abnormal reaction in the vaccinated children; two weeks and three months after emergent vaccination with DTP vaccine, GMT antibody of pertussis were increased 18.14 and 4.73 times more than before vaccination respectively. There were no differences of the attack rates average days from vaccination to onset, average days of cough (P greater than 0.2) within 21 days after vaccination between the two groups. The protection rate was 62.11% three months after vaccination. The results showed that the emergent vaccination with DTP to control the outbreak of pertussis was safe and effective.
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PMID:[The effect of the emergent vaccination using DTP vaccine to control the outbreak of pertussis]. 227 84

A prospective study of immunogenicity and adverse effects of 1553 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTP) was performed in 538 children observed longitudinally from 2 months to 20 months of age. Subjects were randomized to the standard four-dose immunization schedule or to a three-dose schedule (with a saline injection substituted for DTP at 6 months of age). The three-dose schedule could not be recommended on the basis of serologic data. Compliance for completing a clinical observation form in the 48 hours following injections was greater than 99%. Fever, local reactions, or adverse behavioral effects were described in association with 96% of DTP doses and 36% of placebo injections. Contraindications to DTP immunization developed in 3% of study children. No convulsion, hypotonic hyporesponsive episode, encephalopathy, or temperature greater than 40.5 degrees C occurred. Behavioral and local inflammatory effects occurred maximally in the first 6 hours following vaccine but fever peaked later. There was no interrelationship between occurrence of local reaction and fever. Data suggest that age has more effect on the type and rate of adverse clinical events than does vaccine dose number. Existing antibody levels to vaccine components, lot of vaccine, breast-feeding, or gestational age did not affect rate or type of clinical reactions. Neither occurrence of reactions nor the use of acetaminophen affected antibody response to vaccine.
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PMID:Longitudinal study of adverse reactions following diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in infancy. 230 82

Researchers have found that physiologic changes occur that indicate infants do perceive pain. In the study, infants were audiovideotaped while receiving the first diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) injection to document their responses to an assumed painful stimulus. The vocalization of crying and some facial movements were identified as behaviors associated with receiving the DTP injection. These findings support the need for nurses to use a multidimensional assessment when caring for infants believed to be having pain.
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PMID:A multidimensional study of infants' behaviors associated with assumed painful stimuli: Phase II. 278 36

The incidence of pertussis in the United States decreased rapidly during the 20th century, with the most impressive decreases resulting from the widespread use of DTP vaccine since the late 1940's. As a result of immunization laws, vaccine coverage levels against pertussis at school entry have been greater than 95% since 1980. National surveillance for pertussis done by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consists of two parts: a weekly telephone reporting system and a written case report system providing more detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory information. In addition, data on secondary spread of pertussis among household contacts of reported cases were available on a small proportion of reported cases during 1979-1983. During the period 1980-1986, a total of 17,396 cases of pertussis was reported to CDC by weekly telephone reports. The annual incidence of reported pertussis rose during this period from 0.5 cases per 100,000 population to 1.7/100,000. Infants less than 12 months of age had the highest average annual incidence, estimated at 32 cases per 100,000. Children 1-4 years of age accounted for 25% of all cases but had an average annual incidence only 1/7th that of infants. The incidence rates for all age groups increased consistently between 1982 and 1986. The most impressive relative increases occurred among older adolescents and persons 20 years of age and older. In 1986, 10% of reported cases were in this age group compared to only 5% in 1982. Rates of hospitalization and complications such as pneumonia, seizures, and encephalopathy associated with pertussis were highest in children less than 6 months of age and declined progressively with increasing age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Current epidemiology of pertussis in the United States. 285 18

In developing guidelines for the optimal schedule of DTP vaccine administration, it is imperative to explore alternative regimens to the current U.S. primary series of DTP vaccine at two, four, and six months and a booster at 18 months of age. Two approaches to primary immunization that reduce the total number of pertussis mouse protective units administered were studied in an effort to reduce adverse reactions. A modified, reduced (0.25 ml) dosage of each inoculation of DTP vaccine was compared with the usual immunization schedule. The reduced dosage group had consistently fewer adverse reactions with a significant reduction in febrile reactions and acute behavioural changes during the primary series at two, four, and six months and the booster at 18 months and fewer local reactions noted during the primary series (p less than 0.05). Geometric mean titers of pertussis agglutinins were higher after the primary series in vaccine recipients immunized with the recommended schedule but were similar in the two study groups before and after the 18 month immunization. An alternative approach studied the response following the administration of only two DTP immunizations of 0.5 ml, using a number of schedules to determine if lengthening the interval between the first and second pertussis inoculation would enhance the response to the pertussis antigen. Irrespective of whether the DTP vaccine was the first, second, or third of the primary series, the adverse reactions were similar. After the second DTP immunization, little difference was noted in the serologic response to pertussis. All agglutinin titers were significantly lower than that achieved after three standard doses of DTP vaccine (p less than 0.01).
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PMID:Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine adsorbed (DTP): response to varying immunizing dosage and schedule. 287 17

As part of the evaluation of a new combined Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis-Poliomyelitis (DTP-Polio) inactivated vaccine, the pertussis agglutinin response was studied in 62 infants, two to three months old. Each dose of vaccine combined these antigens in a 0.5 ml volume, and contained at least four International Protective Units of pertussis antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide. Infants were vaccinated with three doses of DTP-Polio vaccine at two month intervals. Pertussis agglutinin determinations showed a satisfactory response after two DTP-Polio vaccine doses. Although higher agglutinin titres were apparent after three doses than after two, no significant difference was observed in the seroconversion rate after two or three doses (88.8% and 96.3% respectively). The DTP-Polio vaccine would thus seem suitable for use in a two-dose primary immunization schedule against pertussis.
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PMID:Pertussis immunization of infants using a new combined DTP-polio vaccine. 287 19

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used for the determination of the isotype and the specificity of Bordetella pertussis serum antibodies induced by natural infection and by vaccination. In a previous study (J. Med. Microbiol., 16, 417-426 (1984)) it was shown that the presence of pertussis serum IgA antibodies could be used as an indicator of infection: IgA antibodies were not induced by vaccination nor transported from the mother to the serum of the child. In the present study ELISA was used for the determination of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies. From the results obtained with sera from suspected pertussis cases, it was concluded that antibodies against FHA are hardly induced by infection, in contrast to anti-LPF (determined in a fetuin sandwich ELISA) and anti-LPS antibodies. In view of the lower standard deviation of the mean anti-LPF antibody titer these antibodies were studied more extensively. From a number of bacteriologically proved pertussis cases, it was shown that high levels of IgG anti-LPF antibodies were found before IgA antibodies could be detected. On the other hand, we had the impression that IgG antibodies declined more rapidly than IgA antibodies. One has, however, to take into account that IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to child. From assay of sera from infants prior to, during and two months after vaccination (ages of vaccination: 3, 4, 5 and 12 months) it was concluded that IgG anti-LPF antibodies were induced to a much lower level by DTP-polio vaccination (10 O.U. per dose) than by natural infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Improved serodiagnosis of whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis by determination of IgG anti-LPF antibody levels. 287 20

Serum opsonic capacity against Bordetella pertussis was studied by using quantitative chemiluminescence (CL) which is known to have several advantages over conventional methods in the evaluation of opsonization and phagocytosis. For opsonization, sera from whooping cough patients or from controls were incubated with killed B. pertussis cells at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, mononuclear cells or unfractionated leukocytes, all from healthy blood donors, were added to the opsonization mixture and CL emission was measured. Bacteria opsonized in diluted sera of whooping cough patients caused the activation of leukocytes manifested as a CL emission and no CL emission was observed when unopsonized B. pertussis was incubated with leukocytes. The opsonins could be detected by using any type of leukocyte preparation. Sera from adults vaccinated with DTP in the childhood gave rise to a large CL emission. Sera from whooping cough patients produced CL responses in more dilute solutions than those from vaccinated controls and sera from unvaccinated infants did not contain opsonins against B. pertussis. In unvaccinated infants suffering from whooping cough no opsonins were detectable in sera collected one week after the onset of the disease. However, the development of the opsonic capability against B. pertussis was observed in follow-up sera of all patients. The CL assay is simple, rapid, and reproducible offering new possibilities to evaluate humoral immune mechanisms and phagocytosis in whooping cough.
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PMID:A rapid and simple method for evaluation of serum opsonic capacity against Bordetella pertussis by chemiluminescence. 287 25

Adverse reactions to DTP became a social problem in Japan in 1975 which brought a fall of immunization rates and an epidemic of pertussis which had its peak in 1979. Development of a new DTP vaccine with less adverse reactions was urgently needed and an acellular pertussis vaccine was developed which has replaced whole cell pertussis vaccines. More than 15 million doses of the new DTP vaccine has been administered since 1981 in Japan. Immunization acceptance reached 80% in 1982 and the incidence of pertussis has shown a definite decline. Temperature elevation to 38 degrees C or above following immunization with the new DTP vaccine occurred in approximately 1% of all vaccinees. Local reactions were less frequent after the first dose but observed in 40-50% of vaccinees after the second or later doses. However, local reactions were transient and subsided within a few days. Three cases who developed CNS symptoms have been reported for an incidence of 0.19 per one million doses. Attack rates in home contacts below 5 years of age were 84.2% in non-vaccinees and 5.5% in children who had received two or more doses of DTP. The estimated efficacy rate was 93.5%. Anti-LPF and anti-FHA titers after two or three doses of DTP were similar to those in the convalescent stage of natural pertussis infections. Antibody titers of children immunized with the new DTP were similar to those of children immunized with whole cell pertussis vaccines.
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PMID:Results with a new DTP vaccine in Japan. 287 31

Acellular pertussis vaccines have been used for mass immunization of children in Japan since the fall of 1981, but until recently they have not been evaluated in the United States. We report a trial with a DTP vaccine containing an acellular pertussis component in 36 four to six year old children who had previously received four doses of United States DTP licensed vaccine with a whole cell pertussis vaccine component. The study vaccine contained diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and 300 HA units of Takeda acellular pertussis component. The principle immunizing antigens in the pertussis component of the vaccine were lymphocytosis promoting factor (LPF) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). Local and systemic reactions were monitored during the first 48 hours after vaccination, and pre-immunization and one month post-immunization serum specimens were obtained for antibody assay. The following reaction rates were noted: redness 50%, tenderness 50%, swelling 41%, fever (greater than or equal to 38 degrees C) 3%, drowsiness 17%, fretfulness 14%, anorexia 11%, and vomiting 6%. Pertussis antibody values (preimmunization/postimmunization) were as follows: agglutinin GMT, 1:21/1:100; FHA mean ELISA u, 28 +/- 6/greater than or equal to 229 +/- 47; LPF mean ELISA u, 176 +/- 59/1732 +/- 280. The pertussis component of the study vaccine would appear to be less reactogenic than United States whole cell pertussis vaccines but still immunogenic when given as a booster immunization to four to six year old children. Further studies are needed to assess reactions and immunogenicity in younger and previously unimmunized children.
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PMID:An open study evaluating the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a DTP vaccine containing an acellular pertussis component in four to six year old children. 287 32


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