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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To test the hypothesis that domperidone stimulates gastric muscle contraction by antagonizing the inhibitory effects of dopamine on postsynaptic cholinergic neurons in the myenteric plexus, the effects of dopamine on circular muscle from the body of the guinea pig stomach were examined. Dopamine inhibited circular muscle contraction evoked by electric field stimulation in a dose-related manner. The threshold dose was 10(-6) mol/L and half-maximal inhibition occurred at 10(-5) mol/L. Preincubation of muscle contraction with atropine or tetrodotoxin abolished the contractile response to electric field stimulation, indicating mediation via a cholinergic pathway. The adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and propranolol and the DA1 antagonist SCH 23390 were ineffective in antagonizing the action of dopamine. In contrast, the DA2 antagonist domperidone blocked the inhibitory effect of dopamine on electric field stimulation-mediated contractions. Schild analysis showed a Ki of 3 x 10(-8) mol/L and a slope of unity. In addition, it was shown that dopamine inhibited veratridine-evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine from the gastric myenteric plexus in a dose-related manner (median effective dose, 5.2 x 10(-5) mol/L). Tetrodotoxin abolished [3H]acetylcholine release evoked by veratridine, but hexamethonium had no effect. Domperidone, but not SCH 23390, antagonized the inhibitory action of dopamine. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked the action of dopamine to inhibit evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine. These observations indicate that dopamine inhibits gastric muscle contraction evoked by electric field stimulation by inhibiting cholinergic transmission. This is mediated by DA2 receptors located on the postganglionic cholinergic neurons, and the pathway involves a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. The DA2-receptor antagonist domperidone antagonizes the inhibitory effect of dopamine, resulting in stimulation of gastric muscle contraction. This provides a mechanism for the gastrokinetic effect of domperidone.
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PMID:Mechanism for the gastrokinetic action of domperidone. In vitro studies in guinea pigs. 186 Jun 34

An augmentation of psychostimulant-induced motor activity, termed sensitization, occurs with daily treatment and can last for months or years. At least in part, sensitization results from a long-term change in mesocorticolimbic dopamine transmission and may involve a disinhibition of dopamine neurons. Dopamine D2 autoreceptors and gamma-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptors provide tonic inhibition to dopamine neurons via a G protein-mediated increase in K+ efflux. To evaluate the role of these inhibitory mechanisms in sensitization, pertussis toxin (PTX) was injected into the A10 dopamine region to uncouple the receptors via ADP-ribosylation of G proteins. In this study we demonstrated a significant augmentation in cocaine-stimulated motor activity, at doses greater than 3.0 mg/kg, 14 days after intra-A10 injection of PTX. Also, amphetamine-, but not morphine- or caffeine-stimulated motor activity was significantly augmented 2 weeks after PTX pretreatment. In vivo microdialysis revealed an augmentation of cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens 14 days after PTX pretreatment. Pretreatment in the A10 region with the GABAB agonist baclofen, blocked cocaine-stimulated motor activity in control animals, but not in PTX-pretreated animals, indicating that the PTX treatment had uncoupled the GABAB receptor. Footshock stress activates mesocortical dopamine transmission, and postmortem tissue levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in the prefrontal cortex were increased in PTX-pretreated animals. We hypothesize that the sensitized responses to cocaine, amphetamine and stress produced by PTX results from a decrease in dopamine D2 and GABAB-mediated inhibitory control of A10 dopamine neurons.
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PMID:Sensitization to psychostimulants and stress after injection of pertussis toxin into the A10 dopamine region. 194 36

The effects of oxiferriscorbone on basal and forskolin-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase in membrane preparations from caudate-putamen of the rat have been studied. Oxiferriscorbone, at 30 microM, stimulated the basal activity of the enzyme, but dose-dependently inhibited forskolin-activated activity of adenylate cyclase. Pertussis toxin was found to antagonize this inhibitory effect of oxiferriscorbone. Dopamine stimulated the activity of adenylate cyclase in the striatum, as described previously. When assayed together, the stimulating effects of dopamine and oxiferriscorbone were were additive, implying that they do not act at identical sites. The D1 receptor antagonist, alpha (+)-flupentixol completely blocked the effect of dopamine but had no significant effect on oxiferriscorbone-induced stimulation. The present results suggest that interaction between oxiferriscorbone and the inhibitory guanine nucleotide subunit. However, further studies are necessary.
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PMID:The effect of oxiferriscorbone on striatal adenylate cyclase of the rat. 227 8

Single rat lactotroph cells were studied after loading with the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) indicator fura-2 either 1 or 3 days after cell dispersion. Under unstimulated conditions, two groups of lactotrophs were observed, the first (predominant at day 1) with large [Ca2+]i fluctuations (peaks up to 300 nM) probably due to spontaneous action potentials and the second (predominant at 3 days) with stable [Ca2+]i (values variable between 65 and 200 nM). The effect of dopamine on the resting [Ca2+]i was different in the two groups. Even at high dopamine concentrations, no change occurred in the second group; whereas in the first, disappearance of fluctuations and marked decrease of [Ca2+]i were observed. These effects of dopamine appear to be due to hyperpolarization that was demonstrated by the use of a specific fluorescent indicator, bis(oxonol). Two types of triggered [Ca2+]i transients were studied in detail: those due to redistribution of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores (induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone) and those due to Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (induced by high [K+]). Dopamine (1 microM) markedly inhibited both these transients by the action of D2 receptors (blocked by 1-sulpiride and domperidone). All effects of dopamine were prevented by treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin, indicating the involvement of one (or more) GTP-binding protein(s). Another consequence of D2 receptor activation is the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Treatments (cholera toxin, forskolin), known to raise cAMP levels, were found to dissociate the effects of dopamine on [Ca2+]i inasmuch as they markedly relieved the inhibition of the redistributive transients by thyrotropin-releasing hormone but left hyperpolarization and inhibition of K+ transients unaffected. The spectrum of intracellular signals elicited by the activation of D2 receptors is therefore complex and includes at least two mechanisms that involve [Ca2+]i, one related and the other independent of the decrease of cAMP levels.
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PMID:Dopamine inhibits cytosolic Ca2+ increases in rat lactotroph cells. Evidence of a dual mechanism of action. 244 99

In primary culture of anterior pituitary cells, BAY-K-8644, a calcium channel agonist, stimulated PRL secretion by 83% with EC50 of 18 nM. This effect was blocked by nifedipine, a calcium channel antagonist. The stimulations of PRL secretion induced by potassium (50 mM) and BAY-K-8644 were additive. Dopamine inhibited basal as well as BAY-K-8644-stimulated PRL secretion by 64% and 75%, respectively, and with respective EC50 values of 4.5 and 0.6 nM. In the presence of 50 mM K+, dopamine only partially blocks the dose-dependent stimulation of PRL secretion induced by the calcium channel agonist. The inhibitory dopamine effect was blocked by (+)butaclamol, a specific dopamine receptor antagonist. The dopamine response was also blocked by 1-sulpiride, a specific dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, and mimicked by RU 24926, a specific dopamine D2 receptor agonist, suggesting that the dopamine effect on BAY-K-8644-stimulated PRL secretion was mediated through a D2 dopamine receptor. Although unknown, the mechanism by which dopamine inhibited the BAY-K-8644-stimulated PRL secretion involves a GTP binding protein sensitive to Bordetella pertussis toxin. In fact, the dopamine inhibition of PRL secretion induced by the calcium channel agonist was blocked by the pretreatment of cells with the toxin. These results suggest that dopamine D2 receptors in lactotroph cells modulate calcium influx through a GTP binding protein.
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PMID:Dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion stimulated by the calcium channel agonist Bay-K-8644 through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in anterior pituitary cells. 245 6

1. Intracellular recordings were made from 193 substantia nigra zona compacta neurones in slices of rat mesencephalon. All cells were hyperpolarized by baclofen; this was accompanied by a fall in input resistance. Cells voltage clamped at -60 mV showed an outward current associated with a conductance increase in response to baclofen. The baclofen effects were concentration dependent (effective range 0.3-30 microM); the concentration producing half the maximal effect was 1.5 microM. (-)-Baclofen was 300-700 times more potent than (+)-baclofen. 2. The potential change or membrane current caused by baclofen reversed polarity at -108.8 +/- 1.1 mV (n = 10) when the potassium ion concentration was 2.5 mM, -96.0 +/- 2.8 mV (n = 3) in 4.5 mM-potassium and -76.6 +/- 1.7 mV (n = 5) in 10.5 mM-potassium. The relationship between reversal potential and potassium concentration conformed to the Nernst equation. 3. Dopamine was also applied to 119 of these neurones; all exhibited either a hyperpolarization or an outward current. 4. Baclofen and dopamine outward currents were reduced reversibly by barium (100-300 microM) and tetraethylammonium (10 mM). Superfusion for 5-10 min with solutions presumed to block calcium currents reduced, but did not abolish, responses to baclofen. The effect of baclofen persisted in tetrodotoxin (1 microM). 5. Superfusion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 0.3-3 mM) caused either membrane depolarization or hyperpolarization, accompanied by a fall in input resistance. The depolarization was mimicked by muscimol (10 microM) and blocked by bicuculline methiodide (10-100 microM); the hyperpolarization was resistant to bicuculline. Nipecotic acid (500 microM) enhanced the effect of GABA, but was without effect upon the actions of muscimol and baclofen. 6. The effect of dopamine was enhanced by cocaine (10 microM) and antagonized by (-)-sulpiride (0.1-1 microM), whereas the actions of baclofen were unaffected by cocaine or (-)-sulpiride. The maximum outward current produced by dopamine was approximately half that produced by baclofen. 7. Outward currents produced by dopamine were reversibly occluded by maximal outward currents caused by baclofen. 8. Baclofen and dopamine hyperpolarizations were unaffected by intracerebroventricular injection of animals with pertussis toxin. 9. Cells impaled with electrodes containing guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (1 mM) were hyperpolarized by both baclofen and dopamine, but the membrane potential did not fully return to its original level when agonist application was discontinued. 10. It is concluded that activation of both dopamine D2 and GABAB receptors may increase the same potassium conductance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:On the potassium conductance increase activated by GABAB and dopamine D2 receptors in rat substantia nigra neurones. 245 76

Dopamine reduces the stimulation of intracellular [3H]arachidonate release produced by the two PRL-stimulating peptides angiotensin-II and TRH. This effect is concentration dependent and is mediated by stimulation of D-2 dopamine receptors. D-2 receptor agonists (bromocriptine, dihydroergocryptine, and dihydroergocristine) inhibit the release of fatty acid induced by angiotensin-II with a potency that parallels their ability to inhibit PRL release in vitro. Conversely, the selective D-2 receptor antagonist L-sulpiride completely prevents dopamine's effect, whereas SCH 23390 (a D-1 receptor antagonist) is ineffective. The inhibitory action of dopamine does not seem to be consequent to an action on the adenylate cyclase-cAMP system, as 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM) does not affect either basal or dopamine-inhibited [3H]arachidonate release. However, a 24-h pertussis toxin pretreatment significantly reduces the action of dopamine on fatty acid release. Collectively, these results suggest that D-2 dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of intracellular [3H]arachidonate release requires the action of a GTP-binding protein, but is not a consequence of an inhibitory action on cAMP levels.
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PMID:D-2 dopamine receptor activation reduces free [3H]arachidonate release induced by hypophysiotropic peptides in anterior pituitary cells. 252 49

This study evaluates the involvement of GTP-dependent regulatory proteins (G-proteins) in the regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) segments. Single PCT segments were dissected from rat kidney and permeabilized to allow nucleotides and medium free access to the interior of the cell. A GDP analogue that blocks GTP-dependent activation of the G-protein, GDP beta S (400 microM) significantly inhibited PCT Na+-K+-ATPase activity when Na in the medium (Nam) was greater than or equal to 70 mM. The inhibition was attenuated when Nam was 55 and 35 mM and was no longer significant when Nam was 25 mM. GDP beta S had no inhibitory effect on the activity of purified Na+-K+-ATPase. A nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, GppNHp (50 microM) significantly increased Na+-K+-ATPase activity when Nam was 25 and 35 mM, but not when Nam was 55-140 mM. Dopamine (DA) and DA1 plus DA2 agonists significantly inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase activity. DA inhibition was competitively abolished by GppNHp. In PCT segments from rats pretreated with pertussis toxin, DA and DA1 plus DA2 agonist inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity was abolished. In PCT segments from rats pretreated with cholera toxin, basal Na+-K+-ATPase activity was increased, but DA significantly inhibited Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Na+-K+-ATPase activity in PCT segments is regulated via a G-protein that stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase activity and a DA-activated pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein that inhibits Na+-K+-ATPase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in kidney proximal tubules: involvement of GTP binding proteins. 256 4

Dopamine-1 (DA-1) receptors have been found in renal tubular membranes which stimulate both adenylate cyclase and phospholipase-C activity. In renal cortical plasma membrane preparations the DA-1 agonist SKF 82526, forskolin and NaF stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine inhibited basal and DA-1 agonist stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Forskolin, NaF, dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine had no effect on basal or DA-1 agonist stimulated phospholipase-C activity in these membranes. These studies indicate that DA-1 agonist stimulates adenylate cyclase and phospholipase-C activities independently. Phospholipase-C activity was also increased by the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiophosphate). When DA-1 agonist and guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiophosphate) were added together there was a slight but significant increase in phospholipase-C activity. This increase was inhibited in the presence of guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate). DA-1 stimulated phospholipase-C activity was found to be insensitive to both cholera and pertussis toxins. The present studies indicate a cyclic AMP independent transduction pathway for DA-1 receptor mediated through a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein associated phospholipase-C.
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PMID:The dopamine-1 agonist, SKF 82526, stimulates phospholipase-C activity independent of adenylate cyclase. 256 86

The concept of multifactorial pituitary control is now well established. As in other cell systems, integration of complex messages involves dynamic interactions of receptors and coupling mechanisms. Regulation of adenohypophyseal secretions has been shown to involve cyclic AMP production, the modulation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate breakdown and Ca2+ mobilization. Dopamine, somatostatin and angiotensin II receptors are negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase in anterior pituitary cells. In the case of angiotensin, this effect on adenylate cyclase appears paradoxical since the peptide markedly stimulates prolactin secretion. In fact, angiotensin II also markedly stimulates inositol phosphate production and this effect could account for the stimulated hormone secretion. In addition, dopamine could inhibit inositol phosphate production stimulated by angiotensin II and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Dopamine and somatostatin also directly modulate voltage-dependent calcium channels, perhaps through a direct coupling with potassium channels. On the other hand, steroids modulate the sensitivity of adenohypophyseal cells to neurohormones by different mechanisms. In the case of somatostatin, it increases the number of specific binding sites, while in the case of dopamine estradiol affects the transduction mechanisms of D2 dopamine receptors. In conclusion, dopamine and somatostatin receptors appear coupled to various transduction mechanisms through pertussis-sensitive G proteins in anterior pituitary cells.
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PMID:Multiple transduction mechanisms of dopamine, somatostatin and angiotensin II receptors in anterior pituitary cells. 256 74


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