Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fourteen different adjuvants, given either in single or combined form with another compound were compared in guinea pigs for their ability to potentiate humoral immunity to porcine parvovirus (PPV) antigen after 2 vaccinations. Two injections were given, the second 3 weeks following the initial vaccination. Antibody concentrations to PPV in sera from injected animals were measured over a 5-week period by the hemagglutination inhibition test. At the conclusion of the experiment, guinea pigs injected with the following adjuvants and PPV antigen: CP-20 961 (Avridin), 50% aluminum hydroxide gel, ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA), oil and water emulsion (O/W) and dimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDA) immunologically responded with high geometric mean HI titers (380, 224 and 427, 602, 512, 1202 respectively), whereas guinea pigs receiving Emulsan, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), L-121, combinations of Emulsan/aluminum hydroxide, SDS/aluminum hydroxide and B. pertussis/aluminum hydroxide responded with low mean titers (54, 64, 18, 27, 11, 64, 14, 20 respectively). Guinea pigs injected with antigen without adjuvant responded weakly with geometric mean titers of 3.3 and 16 for the 2 groups tested. Prior to booster injection, guinea pigs immunized with 13 of the preparations had low (less than 4) or undetectable antibody titers. Antibody titers from guinea pigs receiving DDA adjuvant continued to rise throughout the duration of the experiment and at the conclusion had the highest mean titers of the groups tested (1202). The 2 groups immunized with 50% aluminum hydroxide gel had high mean titers (224, 427), but in both instances there was a wide range of titers within a group evidenced by high standard deviations. In contrast, guinea pigs receiving either DDA, CP-20 961, O/W or EMA had antibody titers within a narrow range and small standard deviation. The significance of aluminum hydroxide gel concentration on immunogenicity is discussed.
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PMID:Potentiating effect of adjuvants on humoral immunity to porcine parvovirus vaccines in guinea pigs. 400 7

The leucocytosis-promoting factor was purified from the supernatant fluid of spent cultures of Bordetella pertussis on solid medium. After precipitation at 67% saturation of ammonium sulfate, the leucocytosis-promoting factor was extracted with a 1.0 m NaCl solution. Purification was accomplished by starch block electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The purified preparation contained a high leucocytosis-promoting activity, and as small an amount as 0.04 mug of protein induced leucocytosis in mice. About 520-fold purification was attained, with a re-recovery of about 25% on an activity basis. The leucocytosis-promoting factor was composed solely of filamentous molecules of about 2 by 40 nm in size, with a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 5.5S and a molecular weight of 108,000. It was insoluble in water but partially soluble in 1.0 m NaCl solution, and consisted mainly of protein, with some carbohydrate, lipid, and phosphorus.
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PMID:Leucocytosis-promoting factor of Bordetella pertussis. I. Purification and characterization. 434 32

Bordetella pertussis culture fractions produce decreased metabolic responses to isoproterenol and epinephrine in mice and rats, suggesting the possibility of systemic beta adrenergic blockade. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of the alteration in adrenergic responsiveness and to clarify its relationship to other biological effects of the organism. Lymphocytes were selected as a suitable tissue because of the marked alteration in lymphocyte distribution in pertussis-treated mice and rats, suggesting a change in the surface properties of these cells. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes, purified by nylon fiber chromatography, were studied. In short incubation experiments (20 min or less) B. pertussis did not alter the cyclic AMP response to isoproterenol, prostaglandin E (PGE(1)), or methacholine. However, when cells were preincubated with B. pertussis for 90 min at 37 degrees C, the responses to all three agents were markedly inhibited. Although these observations provide direct confirmation of the ability of B. pertussis to inhibit catecholamine responsiveness, the fact that PGE(1) and methacholine responses were also inhibited suggests that blockade at the level of the beta adrenergic receptor is doubtful. The inhibitory activity was localized in a nondialyzable, protein-rich fraction that is precipitated from B. pertussis culture fluid by ammonium sulfate at 90% of saturation. The bulk of the activity was obtained in the load volume after 50,000 g centrifugation in a cesium chloride gradient, density 1.2-1.5 (fraction 4). Fraction 4 produced a change in lymphocyte hormonal responsiveness at concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml. The relationship between cyclic AMP inhibitory activity in isolated human cells and leukocytosis-producing activity in intact mice was studied. The two activities seemed to parallel one another quite closely until the final Sephadex G-150 fractionation step, in which the two activities were obtained in the same column fraction, but a greater recovery of the leukocytosis-producing activity was obtained. Additional purification will be required to establish conclusively whether the same macromolecule is responsible for both activities. The availability of a bacterial product that markedly inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation in purified lymphocytes may help to clarify the role of cyclic AMP in lymphocyte activation by antigen and nonspecific mitogens.
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PMID:The effect of Bordetella pertussis on lymphocyte cyclic AMP metabolism. 434 77

A study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of oral, parenteral, and intraperitoneal immunization methods of administering killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine to mice and to evaluate the effectiveness of single and multiple doses of the vaccine containing varied numbers of the killed bacteria. A further objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding substances to the vaccine to which have been ascribed "adjuvant" properties. The protection was estimated by isolation of bacteria from the spleen and feces after oral challenge of the mice with live S. typhimurium. The results showed that one or more doses of 10(10) organisms given orally led to significant protection. This rate of protection increased proportionately with the number of doses up to 10 doses, which offered 100% protection. Streptomycin, when added to multiple doses of 10(9) or more organisms given orally, increased the degree of protection, but beryllium sulfate and pertussis vaccine did not. Although multiple doses afforded similar systemic protection by all three routes of immunization, oral immunization yielded significantly greater local protection than that observed after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal immunization.
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PMID:Oral immunization of mice with killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine. 456 52

Synthetic muranyl dipeptide, which potentiates antibody production and cellular immune responses at a dosage of 100 to 500 micrograms, did not enhance resistance to intravenous infection with a sublethal dose of 2 X 10(3) to 4 X 10(3) viable Listeria monocytogenes cells in mice when intraperitoneally injected either 20 min or 5 days before infection. Similarly, blockade of the mononuclear phagocyte system by dextran sulfate 500 could not be overcome by pretreatment with muramyl dipeptide. In contrast, dextran sulfate 500-induced loss of antibacterial resistance was found to be completely abolished by intraperitoneal injection of 3 X 10(9) killed Bordetella pertussis organisms when given 4 days before injection of dextran sulfate 500, i.e., 5 days before infection. B. pertussis were also effective in enhancing antibacterial resistance when administered 5 days before infection. The different behavior of the two adjuvants tested is assumed to be due to their different nonspecific proliferative capacities. Thus, B. pertussis are assumed to act by direct stimulation of the mononuclear phagocyte system whereas muramyl dipeptide does not.
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PMID:Failure of synthetic muramyl dipeptide to increase antibacterial resistance. 615 29

Although the parenteral injection of dextran sulfate 500 (DS 500; 50 mg/kg body weight) into 22-month-old NMRI mice resulted in a complete loss of resistance when administered 1 day before the sublethal (4.5 X 10(3)) infection with Listeria monocytogenes, the consequences in aged animals were less dramatic than in young adult (2- to 3-month-old) controls. This was documented by prolonged survival times as well as reduced numbers of Listeriae in spleen. This indicates that aged mice possess an increased paghocytic capacity, as compared to young adult animals. In aged mice the DS 500-induced loss of resistance could be completely abolished by pretreatment with 3 X 10(9) heat-killed Bordetella pertussis organisms 4 days before the DS 500 injection, i.e., 5 days before listeric infection. This indicates that aged NMRI mice possess remarkable reserves in phagocytic activity.
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PMID:Macrophage function in senescence. 618 Sep 58

Experimental autoimmune retinitis has been induced in Lewis rats by injection of opsin in mycobacterial adjuvant and Hemophilus pertussis adjuvant. Clinical, histopathological and immunological parameters of the disease are reported. Two types of opsin were prepared from purified bovine retina outer segments, one type in Triton X-100 and the other in lithium dodecyl sulfate. Both preparations were free from S-antigen. Dodecyl sulfate-denaturated-opsin displayed lower antigenicity and pathogenicity than Triton-opsin. Triton-opsin (250 micrograms) induced moderate to severe non-granulomatous uveitis (predominantly retinitis) in 70% of the Lewis rats at the end of the second week after injection. The photoreceptor cell layer was destructed within a few days. This group displayed high responses to opsin in the lymphocyte transformation test. In view of observed histological features, the possible early involvement of vasoactive factors is discussed. Low opsin doses (50 or 100 micrograms) seldomly induced severe retinitis, while the incidence of mild pathology was low. Lewis rats appeared to be more susceptible for the development of experimental autoimmune retinitis than Wistar rats.
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PMID:Opsin-induced experimental autoimmune retinitis in rats. 624 Nov 36

Endotoxin prepared from several Bordetella pertussis strains in both immunological phases I and IV gave two lipopolysaccharide peaks (LPS-I and LPS-II) when analyzed on hydroxylapatite columns in a phosphate buffer containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate; these lipopolysaccharides, present in the ratio of 2:3, are true endotoxins by both chemical and biological criteria. Endotoxins isolated from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri gave single lipopolysaccharide peaks when analyzed by the same procedure. Upon hydrolysis with acetic acid (pH 3.4) at 100 degrees C for 1 h, LPS-I released a polysaccharide (PS-I); the linkage broken was that of the glycosidic bond of a non-phosphorylated 3-deoxy-oct-2-ulosonic acid. Treatment with 0.25 M mineral acid at 100 degrees C for 30 min was required to free the polysaccharide moiety (PS-II) of LPS-II, the linkage broken being the glycosidic bond of a phosphorylated 3-deoxy-oct-2-ulosonic acid. Chemical and physical differences of the polysaccharide moieties PS-I and PS-II present in LPS-I and LPS-II have been described previously (25). By using the technique of 125I labeling, it was shown that the totality of labeled proteins present in the endotoxin extracted from Bordetella pertussis by the phenol-water procedure could be separated from the lipopolysaccharide by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite; it follows that these proteins are not linked by covalent bonds to the lipopolysaccharide.
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PMID:Isolation of two protein-free and chemically different lipopolysaccharides from Bordetella pertussis phenol-extracted endotoxin. 624 93

Four different serotype strains of Bordetella pertussis, 3779BL(2)S(4), Tohama I, 353/Z, and 2753, were plated on Bordet-Gengou agar, where they grew as domed, hemolytic (D(+)H(+)) wild-type colonies. Cloned D(+)H(+) colony types of all four strains were passed onto modified Stainer-Scholte medium solidified with 1% Noble Agar. Colonies were selected from Stainer-Scholte agar, and these subsequently grew as flat, nonhemolytic (D(-)H(-)) colonies when transferred back onto Bordet-Gengou agar. The frequency of D(-)H(-) organisms within a population of cloned D(+)H(+) was determined to be between 5 x 10(-5) and 5 x 10(-6). The D(-)H(-) colony types maintained their flat, nonhemolytic characteristics for over 80 single-colony passages on Bordet-Gengou agar. The isogenic pairs of D(+)H(+) and D(-)H(-) colony types from the four strains were compared for hemagglutination titer, lymphocytosis-promoting activity, adenylate cyclase activity, and presence of agglutinogens by agglutination. In all cases the D(-)H(-) colony types showed reduced activities or amounts of antigen compared with their D(+)H(+) parents. Freely diffusible antigens were markedly different between the two phenotypes as noted by double diffusion of antisera added to plates on which colonies of the variants were growing. Antigens solubilized from the two colony types by Triton X-100 were also markedly different as judged by radial immunodiffusion with antifimbrial hemagglutinin, antilymphocytosis-promoting factor, and anti-353/Z adsorbed with autoclaved 353/Z. In addition, autoradiographs of (125)I-surface-labeled whole cells separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed unique banding patterns for each colony type. Since all organisms, regardless of colony type, were grown on Bordet-Gengou agar, the differences reported could not be due to medium composition. Differences between phenotypes were also independent of passage number on Bordet-Gengou agar. By analogy to previous studies, the D(-)H(-) organisms appear to fulfill the criteria for phase III or phase IV in the system of Leslie and Gardner (P. H. Leslie and A. D. Gardner, J. Hyg. 31:423-434, 1931) or phase III in the system of Kasuga et al. (T. Kasuga, Y. Nakase, K. Ukishima, and K. Takatsu, Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med. 26:121-134, 1954).
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of isogenic pairs of domed hemolytic and flat nonhemolytic colony types of Bordetella pertussis. 627 17

The subunit structure of islet-activating protein (IAP), pertussis toxin, has been analyzed to study a possibility that this protein is one of the A-B toxins [Gill, D. M. (1978) in Bacterial Toxins and Cell Membranes (Jeljaszewicz, J., & Wadstrom, T., Eds.) pp 291-332, Academic Press, New York]. Heating IAP with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate caused its dissociation into five dissimilar subunits named S-1 (with a molecular weight of 28 000), S-2 (23 000), S-3 (22 000), S-4 (11 700), and S-5 (9300), as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; their molar ratio in the native IAP was 1:1:1:2:1. The molecular weight of IAP estimated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation was 117 000 which was not at variance with the value obtained by summing up molecular weights of the constituent subunits. The preparative separation of these IAP subunits was next undertaken; exposure of IAP to 5 M ice-cold urea for 4 days followed by column chromatography with carboxymethyl-Sepharose caused sharp separation of S-1 and S-5, leaving the other subunits as two dimers. These dimers were then dissociated into their constituent subunits, i.e., S-2 and S-4 for one dimer and S-3 and S-4 for the other, after 16-h exposure to 8 M urea; these subunits were obtained individually upon further chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose column. Subunits other than S-1 were adsorbed as a pentamer by a column using haptoglobin as an affinity adsorbent. The same pentamer was obtained by adding S-5 to the mixture of two dimers. Neither this pentamer nor other oligomers (or protomers) exhibited biological activity in vivo. Recombination of S-1 with the pentamer at the 1:1 molar ratio yielded a hexamer which was identical with the native IAP in electrophoretic mobility and biological activity to enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion when injected into rats. In the broken-cell preparation, S-1 was biologically as effective as the native IAP; both catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a protein in membrane preparations from rat C6 glioma cells. In conclusion, IAP is an oligomeric protein consisting of an A (active) protomer (the biggest subunit) and a B (binding) oligomer which is produced by connecting two dimers by the smallest subunit in a noncovalent manner. Rationale for this terminology is discussed based on the A-B model.
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PMID:Subunit structure of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin, in conformity with the A-B model. 629 44


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