Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis produce extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase toxins (AC toxins) with shared features including activation by calmodulin and the ability to enter target cells and catalyze intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) production from host ATP. The two AC toxins were evaluated for sensitivities to a series of inhibitors of known uptake mechanisms. Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of microfilament function, abrogated the cAMP response to B. anthracis AC toxin (93%) but not the cAMP response elicited by B. pertussis AC toxin. B. anthracis-mediated intoxication of CHO cells was completely inhibited by ammonium chloride (30 mM) and chloroquine (0.1 mM), whereas the cAMP accumulation produced by B. pertussis AC toxin remained unchanged. The block of target cell intoxication by cytochalasin D could be bypassed when cells were first treated with anthrax AC toxin and then exposed to an acidic medium. These data indicate that despite enzymatic similarities, these two AC toxins intoxicate target cells by different mechanisms, with anthrax AC toxin entering by means of receptor-mediated endocytosis into acidic compartments and B. pertussis AC toxin using a separate, and as yet undefined, mechanism.
 ...
PMID:Inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis block the entry of Bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase toxin but not that of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin. 289 41

In 1974, we published a paper entitled "Leukocytosis-Promoting Factor of Bordetella pertussis. Its Identity with Protective Antigen". A preparation which was purified from the culture supernatant of Bordetella pertussis phase I, Tohama strain by consecutive steps of ammonium sulfate fractionation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed leukocytosis-promoting, histamine-sensitizing and hemagglutinating activities. The preparation consisted of two proteins: pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). After treatment with formalin, this preparation elicited strong mouse protective activity. Passive protection tests in mice with the anti-PT and anti-FHA sera also showed that these sera had protective activity. According to these findings, Japanese manufacturers have succeeded in preparing an acellular pertussis vaccine containing PT toxoid and FHA as main protective antigens on a large scale. Acellular pertussis vaccine was introduced in 1981 as purified pertussis vaccine in Japan. Characteristics of this vaccine have been reported elsewhere in the last eight years. Further characterization of Japanese pertussis vaccines which were produced in 1988 by six manufacturers was carried out. There was no fundamental difference among the six products; each vaccine consisted of PT toxoid and FHA as the main protective antigens.
 ...
PMID:Further characterization of Japanese acellular pertussis vaccine prepared in 1988 by 6 Japanese manufacturers. 290 30

Calmodulin (CaM), a multifunctional calcium binding protein with no known enzymatic activity, has been purified to homogeneity from bovine adrenal cortex. The purification included anion exchange on DE-52 cellulose, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and separation by molecular sieving on Sephadex G-150. The yield of CaM from 900 g of whole adrenal was 150 mg. Adrenocortical CaM showed a molecular weight of 18,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, an isoelectric point of 4.1, and demonstrated a characteristic shift in mobility on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of calcium. The spectral properties of adrenocortical CaM differed slightly from those of CaM isolated from bovine brain. Minor differences were observed in peptide maps and amino acid composition between adrenocortical and brain CaM, but adrenocortical CaM contained a single trimethyl-lysine residue characteristic of all mammalian forms of CaM isolated to date. Adrenocortical CaM is biologically active in the stimulation of activator-deficient phosphodiesterase, and showed a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 3 nM for stimulation of adenylate cyclase from Bordetella pertussis.
 ...
PMID:Purification and properties of calmodulin from adrenal cortex. 397 May 28

Fourteen different adjuvants, given either in single or combined form with another compound were compared in guinea pigs for their ability to potentiate humoral immunity to porcine parvovirus (PPV) antigen after 2 vaccinations. Two injections were given, the second 3 weeks following the initial vaccination. Antibody concentrations to PPV in sera from injected animals were measured over a 5-week period by the hemagglutination inhibition test. At the conclusion of the experiment, guinea pigs injected with the following adjuvants and PPV antigen: CP-20 961 (Avridin), 50% aluminum hydroxide gel, ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA), oil and water emulsion (O/W) and dimethyl-dioctadecyl-ammonium bromide (DDA) immunologically responded with high geometric mean HI titers (380, 224 and 427, 602, 512, 1202 respectively), whereas guinea pigs receiving Emulsan, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), L-121, combinations of Emulsan/aluminum hydroxide, SDS/aluminum hydroxide and B. pertussis/aluminum hydroxide responded with low mean titers (54, 64, 18, 27, 11, 64, 14, 20 respectively). Guinea pigs injected with antigen without adjuvant responded weakly with geometric mean titers of 3.3 and 16 for the 2 groups tested. Prior to booster injection, guinea pigs immunized with 13 of the preparations had low (less than 4) or undetectable antibody titers. Antibody titers from guinea pigs receiving DDA adjuvant continued to rise throughout the duration of the experiment and at the conclusion had the highest mean titers of the groups tested (1202). The 2 groups immunized with 50% aluminum hydroxide gel had high mean titers (224, 427), but in both instances there was a wide range of titers within a group evidenced by high standard deviations. In contrast, guinea pigs receiving either DDA, CP-20 961, O/W or EMA had antibody titers within a narrow range and small standard deviation. The significance of aluminum hydroxide gel concentration on immunogenicity is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Potentiating effect of adjuvants on humoral immunity to porcine parvovirus vaccines in guinea pigs. 400 7

Hooded Lister rats were sensitised to the halide salt of platinum ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II)[(NH4)2PtCl4] in its conjugated form with ovalbumin. Sensitisation was achieved by intraperitoneal injection with Bordetella pertussis vaccine as adjuvant, followed 21 days later by a further injection in saline. The presence of specific anti-platinum IgE antibody was determined by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) using the platinum halide salt conjugated to a heterologous carrier. Sera exhibiting positive reactions were pooled and PCA tests performed on the titrated pooled sera with 3 conjugated platinum group metal salts, 5 platinum group metals in their free salt form and 6 platinum salts with differing ligands. PCA challenges with these compounds resulted in significant cross reactivity between ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II), ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV) and the conjugated tetrachloroplatinate. There was very limited cross reactivity with other platinum or platinum group metal salts in either free or conjugated forms. Furthermore, these results were confirmed by RAST inhibition studies.
 ...
PMID:Cross reactivity studies with platinum group metal salts in platinum-sensitised rats. 401 86

The leucocytosis-promoting factor was purified from the supernatant fluid of spent cultures of Bordetella pertussis on solid medium. After precipitation at 67% saturation of ammonium sulfate, the leucocytosis-promoting factor was extracted with a 1.0 m NaCl solution. Purification was accomplished by starch block electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The purified preparation contained a high leucocytosis-promoting activity, and as small an amount as 0.04 mug of protein induced leucocytosis in mice. About 520-fold purification was attained, with a re-recovery of about 25% on an activity basis. The leucocytosis-promoting factor was composed solely of filamentous molecules of about 2 by 40 nm in size, with a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 5.5S and a molecular weight of 108,000. It was insoluble in water but partially soluble in 1.0 m NaCl solution, and consisted mainly of protein, with some carbohydrate, lipid, and phosphorus.
 ...
PMID:Leucocytosis-promoting factor of Bordetella pertussis. I. Purification and characterization. 434 32

Bordetella pertussis culture fractions produce decreased metabolic responses to isoproterenol and epinephrine in mice and rats, suggesting the possibility of systemic beta adrenergic blockade. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of the alteration in adrenergic responsiveness and to clarify its relationship to other biological effects of the organism. Lymphocytes were selected as a suitable tissue because of the marked alteration in lymphocyte distribution in pertussis-treated mice and rats, suggesting a change in the surface properties of these cells. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes, purified by nylon fiber chromatography, were studied. In short incubation experiments (20 min or less) B. pertussis did not alter the cyclic AMP response to isoproterenol, prostaglandin E (PGE(1)), or methacholine. However, when cells were preincubated with B. pertussis for 90 min at 37 degrees C, the responses to all three agents were markedly inhibited. Although these observations provide direct confirmation of the ability of B. pertussis to inhibit catecholamine responsiveness, the fact that PGE(1) and methacholine responses were also inhibited suggests that blockade at the level of the beta adrenergic receptor is doubtful. The inhibitory activity was localized in a nondialyzable, protein-rich fraction that is precipitated from B. pertussis culture fluid by ammonium sulfate at 90% of saturation. The bulk of the activity was obtained in the load volume after 50,000 g centrifugation in a cesium chloride gradient, density 1.2-1.5 (fraction 4). Fraction 4 produced a change in lymphocyte hormonal responsiveness at concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml. The relationship between cyclic AMP inhibitory activity in isolated human cells and leukocytosis-producing activity in intact mice was studied. The two activities seemed to parallel one another quite closely until the final Sephadex G-150 fractionation step, in which the two activities were obtained in the same column fraction, but a greater recovery of the leukocytosis-producing activity was obtained. Additional purification will be required to establish conclusively whether the same macromolecule is responsible for both activities. The availability of a bacterial product that markedly inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation in purified lymphocytes may help to clarify the role of cyclic AMP in lymphocyte activation by antigen and nonspecific mitogens.
 ...
PMID:The effect of Bordetella pertussis on lymphocyte cyclic AMP metabolism. 434 77

Antibodies against two physicochemically purified haemagglutinins (HAs) of Bordetella pertussis (filamentous HA and leucocytosis-promoting-factor HA) protect laboratory animals from pertussis. A vaccine containing these two HAs was prepared and tested in trials involving about 5000 children. Culture supernatant of Bordetella pertussis, phase I, was treated with ammonium sulphate, and a crude extract of the HAs was extracted from the precipitate by the use of concentrated sodium chloride. This crude extract was fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation to obtain an HA preparation practically free of endotoxin. The HA preparation was treated with formalin to destroy its ability to induce leucocytosis and to cause histamine sensitisation. Aluminium hydroxide was added to the preparation as an adjuvant. The component vaccine is not only potent as judged by the mouse test but is also less than one-tenth as toxic as whole-cell vaccine as judged by leucocytosis promotion, histamine sensitisation, and endotoxicity tests. Field trials showed that component vaccine was as effective as and produced less side-effects than did conventional whole-cell vaccine. The vaccine has been used for mass immunisation in Japan since the autumn of 1981.
 ...
PMID:Development of a pertussis component vaccine in Japan. 614 Apr 41

The effect of platinum group metal salts on IgE antibody synthesis in an animal model was studied with respect to the magnitude and kinetics of the response. In outbred Hooded Lister Rats immunized with 10 micrograms ovalbumin with B. pertussis as adjuvant and boosted with 1 microgram in saline an enhanced secondary response to ovalbumin was obtained when certain halide platinum salts were given concurrently with primary immunization. This phenomenon was limited to ammonium tetrachloroplatinate II, ammonium hexachloroplatinate IV and to a lesser extent the cesium trichloronitroplatinate II. Platinum group metal salts not possessing this characteristic were cis-dichlorodiammine plantinum II, tetra-ammineplatinum II chloride, ammonium aquopentachlororhodate III and ammonium tetrachloropalladate II. Kinetic studies show that the time courses of the primary and secondary responses were not altered in the presence of the platinum salts. In rats immunized with ovalbumin without adjuvant there was no detectable antibody and concurrent administration of platinum salts also had no effects. Thus platinum salts whilst acting synergistically with adjuvant to enhance antibody synthesis do not act as adjuvants in their own right.
 ...
PMID:Immunological responses to complex salts of platinum. II. Enhanced IgE antibody responses to ovalbumin with concurrent administration of platinum salts in the rat. 654 85

Ammonium tetrachloroplatinate II ([NH4]2 PtCl4) was used in free and conjugated forms with ovalbumin in an attempt to elicit specific antibody directed against either the free platinum (Pt) salt or the platinum moiety of ovalbumin-Pt conjugates in the hooded Lister rat. Immunization with free Pt salt via intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intratracheal and footpad routes over a wide range of doses (1 microgram-1 mg) employing both B. pertussis and/or aluminium hydroxide gel as adjuvants failed to induce specific IgE antibody, either primary or secondary, as shown by direct skin, PCA test or RAST. Conjugation of (NH4)2 PtCl4 with ovalbumin produced conjugates, with between two and 10 haptenic Pt groups per ovalbumin molecule, capable of inducing IgE antibody directed against the Pt moiety as determined by heterologous PCA challenge, where carrier cross-reactivity was excluded, and by specific RAST, confirmed by RAST inhibition.
 ...
PMID:Immunological responses to complex salts of platinum. I. Specific IgE antibody production in the rat. 674 66


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>