Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In vitro activities of acidocillin and ampicillin were compared in 20 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 50 strains of Enterococci and 4 strains of Bordetella pertussis by serial dilution test. There were no significant differences between both antibiotics. On Staphylococcus aureus (100 strains) and Streptococcus group A (25 strains) acidocillin was effective at the same degree as phenoxymethylpenicillin. After oral administration of 0.75 g acidocillin (1 h after a standard breakfast) serum peaks in 10 healthy adults were 6.1 +/- 0.51 mug/ml (after 1 1/2 h) which decreased to 0.5 +/- 0.10 mug/ml (after 4 h) and to 0.045 +/- 0.02 mug/ml (after 6 h). Urine-recovery in 9 h after oral administration of 0.75 g was found as of 58%, after i.v. administration of the same dose 78% (absorption rate nearly 74%). Therapy of whooping cough in 12 children with acidocillin (60 mg/kg/die) led to the disappearance of Bordetella pertussis from nasal swabs (only one failure caused by the child's frequent vomiting).
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PMID:[Azidocillin: activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic results in whooping cough]. 18 85

Using a radioimmunoassay, it was shown that commercially available ampicillin preparations often contain penicilloylated high molecular weight impurities. These possess immunological activities and stimulate penicilloyl-specific antibody formation in mice treated according to a therapeutic schedule. Using purified and experimentally contaminated preparations it was also found that exposure of the animals to Escherichia coli and Bordetella pertussis bacteria could increase the antibody formation to small amounts of impurities. In addition, penicilloylated antigen could be recorded in serum from treated animals. The antigen formed by penicilloylation in vivo, however, was very weak and did not induce much antibody formation when injected together with Freund's adjuvant in mice or rabbits.
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PMID:Antigens in penicillin allergy. III. Antigen and antibody levels in mice treated with pure and contaminated penicillins. 21 40

The data accumulated within the last years required revision of the indications to the use of antibiotics in treatment of pertussis. One of the aims of antibiotic therapy in pertussis was to prevent colonization of B. pertussis in the respiratory tracts. With that end in view the choice of antibiotics should be limited by those, to which the pathogen is the most sensitive i.e. erythromycin, ampicillin and augmentin. Comparative efficacy of erythromycin and ampicillin during the first 2 weeks of the disease was studied in 79 infants at the age not older than 1 year with pertussis and it was shown that erythromycin was advantageous by its therapeutic activity and less side effects. Expedience of the antibiotic therapy during the spastic period for providing a preventive effect on development of bronchopulmonary complications was studied in 201 patients with pertussis. No preventive effect of the antibiotics on development of the bronchopulmonary complications defined by the secondary bacterial flora was recorded. In the group of the patients treated with the antibiotics prophylactically (group 1) the complications were 2.6 times more frequent than in the patients treated with pathogenetic agents alone (group 2). Intrahospital pneumonia developed in 8.9 per cent of the patients in group 1 and in 1.5 per cent of the patients in group 2. Therefore, antibiotics should not be used at the late periods of pertussis for prophylaxis of secondary bacterial complications.
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PMID:[Antibiotic therapy in children with pertussis]. 130 Sep 36

We replaced the wild-type TOX operon of Bordetella pertussis with in vitro mutated, detoxified alleles by electroporetic transformation using unmarked linear DNA. Uptake of DNA was selected by transient ampicillin resistance and two simultaneous recombination events resulted in gene-replacement at the natural locus with no integration of heterologous DNA. TOX alleles were stable without selection and recombinant strains secreted non-toxic, fully assembled, protective pertussis toxin (PT) analogues with kinetics similar to the parental vaccine strain under production-scale fermentation conditions. Strains generated in this way are suitable for the production of recombinant whole-cell or component whooping cough vaccines that require no chemical modification of PT.
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PMID:Gene replacement in Bordetella pertussis by transformation with linear DNA. 136 29

Eradication of Bordetella pertussis from the respiratory tract occurs slowly even when bactericidal antibiotics are used. The rate of killing of B. pertussis was found to be proportional to growth rate: virulent, slowly growing strains were killed over days, while rapidly growing strains (either avirulent or virulent modulated by growth conditions to avirulent) were killed over hours. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and binding of antibiotics to membrane targets were equivalent in virulent and avirulent cells, suggesting differences in antibiotic response might reflect differences in activities of the autolytic cascade. This was supported by the finding that cell wall degradation was less than 40% per day in virulent strains and greater than 70% per day in avirulent strains. Penem antibiotics, known to rapidly kill even slowly growing bacteria, demonstrated a more-than-twofold greater rate of killing of slowly growing virulent strains compared with ampicillin or erythromycin. This suggests the potential for improved therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Thus, the vir locus, which determines phase transition in B. pertussis, is apparently the first example of a sensor-transducer system controlling phenotypic tolerance and antibiotic-induced autolytic activity.
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PMID:The vir locus affects the response of Bordetella pertussis to antibiotics: phenotypic tolerance and control of autolysis. 237 81

Laboratory and clinical studies on clarithromycin (TE-031, A-56268), a new macrolide antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates were determined upon oral administration on fasting of TE-031 at doses of 5 mg/kg granules in 1 case and tablets in 2 cases, and 10 mg/kg granules in 1 and 15 mg/kg granules in 1. Peak serum levels were obtained at 30 minutes in 2 cases, at 1 hour in 2 cases and at 2 hours in 1 case after administration of the drug with a range of 2.29-7.10 micrograms/ml with half-lives of 2.2-7.5 hours. Urinary recovery rates in 6 hours after administration ranged from 7.1-34.5%. 2. MICs of TE-031 against 49 clinical isolates (Streptococcus pyogenes 5 strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae 9, Staphylococcus aureus 3, Branhamella catarrhalis 4, Haemophilus influenzae 14, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 7, and Campylobacter jejuni 7) were compared with those of josamycin (JM), erythromycin (EM), and ampicillin (ABPC). The antibacterial activity of TE-031 was superior to those of JM and equal to those of EM. 3. Fifty-five pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases (scarlet fever 3 cases, pharyngitis and tonsillitis 15, pertussis 2, pneumonia 10, bronchitis 14, Campylobacter enteritis 11) were treated with TE-031 at daily doses of 10-35 mg/kg t.i.d. as a rule. The efficacy rates were 96% clinically and 72% bacteriologically. 4. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were not observed. 5. None of children refused TE-031.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on clarithromycin in the field of pediatrics]. 252 45

Cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807) is a new oral cephem derivative drug in which carboxylic acid was esterified to the 4-position of CPDX (oxime type cephem antibiotic). CPDX-PR is hydrolyzed mainly with esterase in intestinal wall and CPDX exists as an active form in body fluid. While there are numerous study reports using CPDX-PR in tablet forms in Japan, the dry syrup formula for pediatric use was newly developed. The dry syrup of CPDX-PR was orally administered 20 minutes after meal to the 6 boys of ages from 8 years and 1 month to 10 years and 10 months, with doses of 3 and 6 mg/kg, respectively, for 3 cases each. Serum concentrations and urinary concentrations and recovery rate of the drug were investigated. In addition to the above, the clinical and bacteriological studies were performed in a total of 105 cases consisting of children with ages ranging from 2 months to 11 years and 8 months, upon administering an average dose of 3.4 mg/kg, 3 to 4 times per day (96 cases of 3 times and 9 cases of 4 times). The 105 cases included 13 cases of pharyngitis, 21 cases of tonsillitis, 4 cases of acute bronchitis, 6 cases of pneumonia, 1 case of pleurisy, 13 cases of scarlet fever, 41 cases of urinary tract infection, 3 cases of posthitis and 3 cases of bacillary dysentery. Drug sensitivity test was performed for the following strains: (i) Strains retained by our department; 52 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 18 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, and 11 strains of Bordetella pertussis, and (ii) strains isolated from cases to which CPDX-PR was administered; 2 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 8 strains of S. pyogenes, 2 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 10 strains of Escherichia coli, and 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis. Drug sensitivities of the strains retained by our department were tested with the inoculum sizes of 10(8) and 10(6) cfu/ml for R-3746 (Na-salt of CPDX), cefaclor (CCL), cephalexin (CEX), amoxicillin (AMPC), and methicillin (DMPPC), and those against strains separated from the cases to which CPDX-PR was administered were tested with the same inoculum sizes for R-3746, CCL, CEX, cefadroxil, ampicillin (ABPC), DMPPC and cloxacillin (MCIPC). Adverse reactions and abnormal clinical laboratory test results were also examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil dry syrup in the field of pediatrics]. 268 64

Cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI), the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of cefteram (CFTM) in which aminothiazol was also introduced into the 7 position of cephem nucleus, is a new oral cephem antibiotic. CFTM-PI was absorbed through the intestines and hydrolyzed to CFTM by esterases in the intestinal wall and existed in the body fluids as CFTM. A tablet form of this drug has been released in Japan and now a granular form for pediatric patients has been developed. We have determined MICs of 5 drugs (CFTM, cephalexin (CEX), cefaclor (CCL), ampicillin (ABPC), erythromycin (EM], against stock strains and MICs of 6 drugs (CFTM, CEX, CCL, ABPC, methicillin, cloxacillin) against fresh strains from patients received to CFTM-PI, with an inoculum size of 10(6) cfu/ml. A total of 149 strains included Gram-positive cocci i.e. Staphylococcus aureus (11), Streptococcus pyogenes (85), Streptococcus agalactiae (16) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (4), and Gram-negative rods i.e. Haemophilus influenzae (11), Bordetella pertussis (11), Escherichia coli (9), Proteus mirabilis (1) and Morganella morganii (1). The granular form of CFTM-PI was administered to 9 boys (age: 8 years 3 months approximately 10 years 10 months) to determine serum and urinary concentrations of the drug and its urinary recovery rates using bioassay. Doses of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg were given orally 30 minutes after meal to 3 boys, respectively. Urinary concentrations and its urinary recovery rates of T-2525A, a main metabolite of CFTM, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To study clinical and bacteriological effects of this drug, a mean daily dose of 3.3 mg/kg divided 3-4 times a day (3 times: 133 cases, 4 times: 9 cases) was administered for 8 days on the average to a total of 142 cases with pharyngitis (22), tonsillitis (12), acute bronchitis (3), pneumonia (11), pleurisy (1), scarlet fever (28), acute purulent otitis media (16), impetigo (13), abscess (2), purulent lymphadenitis (1) and urinary tract infection (33). Adverse reactions and abnormal effects on laboratory test values attributable to this drug were studied in patients. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. With regard to Gram-positive cocci, MICs of CFTM against 11 fresh strains of S. aureus ranged from 3.13 to 6.25 micrograms/ml except for 1 strain, thus CFTM was equally effective to CEX, but less active than the other drugs tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefteram pivoxil granule in the pediatric field]. 281 Jul 62

We report here the construction of a plasmid cloning vector, pRTP1, designed to facilitate exchange of cloned and chromosomal alleles of the human bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. pRTP1 provides the ability to successively select two homologous recombination events within the cloned sequences. The first is by selection for maintenance of the ampicillin-resistance gene on the plasmid which is unable to replicate autonomously after transfer via conjugation. The second selection, via streptomycin (Sm) selection, is against the maintenance of vector sequences which contain a gene encoding the Sm-sensitive allele of the gene for ribosomal protein S12 thus rendering an otherwise Sm-resistant strain Sm-sensitive. We demonstrate the use of this vector to introduce an unmarked mutation, constructed in vitro, into the chromosomal locus encoding pertussis toxin.
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PMID:The construction of a cloning vector designed for gene replacement in Bordetella pertussis. 288 69

Suitable antimicrobials given during the catarrhal stage of whooping cough can attenuate the course of the disease. The efficacy of antibiotics administered prophylactically during the incubation period remains controversial but appears to be beneficial. Currently, erythromycin given for two weeks is the antibiotic of choice for pertussis. No treatment failures were observed with erythromycin estolate. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate and stearate must be given at high dosages (50-60 mg/kg/day) in order to achieve sufficient concentrations in the respiratory secretions. With ampicillin and amoxicillin treatment failures have been observed. The role of josamycin and co-trimoxazole in pertussis remains open.
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PMID:Treatment and prevention of pertussis by antimicrobial agents (Part II). 304 26


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