Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Lady Dufferin Fund, founded in 1885 in India, had by 1940 established 400 hospitals to alleviate diseases and mortality related to childbirth. After independence 2328 community health centers and 21254 primary health centers were created in the country. During 1974-94 more than 131,000 subcenters were set up and about 620,000 auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) had been trained. The Ministry of Health introduced four health prevention schemes in 1969: 1) immunization of children against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus; 2) immunization of pregnant women against tetanus; 3) prophylaxis of mothers and children against nutritional anemia; and 4) prophylaxis of children against blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency. As a result, infant mortality declined from 146/1000 live births to 74/1000 in 1993; but maternal mortality still stayed around 4-5/1000. In 1993 an estimated 117,356 maternal deaths occurred out of a total of 26,057,000 births, equalling 4.5 deaths per 1000 live births. The main causes of maternal deaths are hemorrhage, anemia, abortion, toxemia, and puerperal sepsis. Only about 411 first referral units in community health centers are functioning properly. Prenatal care of mothers includes the administration of tetanus toxoid and iron-folic acid tablets. However, the prenatal coverage reached only about 50% of mothers; and the coverage was only 21.4% in Bihar, 23.8% in Nagaland, 29.3% in Rajasthan, and 29.6% in Uttar Pradesh. In these areas administrative inefficiency is widespread with nonavailability of essential drugs for malaria, infections, sepsis, dysentery, and colds. During 1992-93 the rate of hospital deliveries ranged from 6.1% in Nagaland to 88.4% in Kerala, with a national average of only 25.6%. 71% of deliveries in rural areas and 30% in urban areas were conducted by untrained assistants. Although there are 450 ANM training schools in the country, the level of training has deteriorated. The major causes of infant deaths are respiratory infections and diarrhea, responsible for 13.5% and 6.9% of mortality, respectively. Severe malnutrition and inadequate vaccination are other major causes of child deaths and morbidity.
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PMID:Maternal and child health in India: a critical review. 1229 Sep 61

Olson, B. H. (Division of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health, Lansing), Grace Eldering, and Bernice Graham. Stabilization of pertussis vaccine in the presence of benzethonium chloride. J. Bacteriol. 87:543-546. 1964.-Data are presented showing that pertussis vaccine preserved with benzethonium chloride (BC; Phemerol) was inactivated during storage. BC-preserved vaccine stored at 37 C showed no measurable mouse-protective potency at 16 weeks. That stored at 0 to 4 C lost approximately 80% of its potency within 1 year. Treatment of pertussis vaccines with aluminum, calcium, magnesium, choline, or dl-lysine before the addition of the BC prevented its uptake by the cells. Pertussis vaccines pretreated with 0.004 m Ca(++) or 0.0004 m Al(+++) retained 70% of the initial potency after 42 weeks of storage at 37 C. Similar vaccines showed no loss of protective antigens when stored for 1 year at 0 to 4 C.
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PMID:STABILIZATION OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE IN THE PRESENCE OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE. 1412 68

Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis. Complications of pertussis include pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy and death. Diagnostic tests include pernasal swab culture, serology, direct immuno-fluorescent assay (DFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). At present, the majority of cases are diagnosed clinically. DTaP immunisation uptake has considerably reduced disease incidence. We describe national and NEHB reported cases of pertussis over a 13 year period from 1988 to 2000 inclusive and we also describe in detail all pertussis admissions to Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda from 1998 to 2000 inclusive. From 1988 to 2000 inclusive, all pertussis cases notified nationally and in the NEHB region were tabulated and studied from data obtained from the Department of Public Health, NEHB and the NDSC, together with national and NEHB DTaP immunisation rates. All admissions to Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda with a diagnosis of pertussis from 1998 to 2000 inclusive were studied in detail by retrospective medical record review and the results were later analysed using the Epi-Info Version 6.0 statistical package. National notified pertussis cases had fallen from 1170 cases in 1988 to 150 cases in 2000. There was a striking rise in pertussis nationally in 1989 to 2217 cases and this directly related to the sharp fall in DTaP immunisation uptake at that time due to adverse publicity. Current 5-in-1 immunisation rates are between 80% to 85% nationally, and 88% for the NEHB region. NEHB pertussis notifications rose from 72 cases in 1988 to 328 in 1989 and this directly reflected the national trend; in 2000 there were only 13 notifications. In the NEHB region between 1998 and 2000 inclusive, there were only 26 notified cases of pertussis, 17 of which were admitted to hospital. Only 1/17 (6%) had a positive pernasal swab culture. There were no deaths. Pertussis is under-diagnosed and is still largely a clinical diagnosis. There has been an approximate ten-fold decrease in pertussis incidence rates over the 13 year study period both nationally and in the NEHB region. Current DTaP immunisation rates in the NEHB region of 88%, and of between 80% to 85% nationally are insufficient to confer 'herd immunity' and thus young infants will continue to be at risk.
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PMID:Pertussis--going, going, but not gone: thirteen year trends in the incidence of pertussis in the Republic of Ireland and North Eastern Health Board. 1513 68

The phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is detected in purified Lilium pollen protoplasts. Two PI-PLC full length cDNAs, LdPLC1 and LdPLC2, were isolated from pollen of Lilium daviddi. The amino acid sequences for the two PI-PLCs deduced from the two cDNA sequences contain X, Y catalytic motifs and C2 domains. Blast analysis shows that LdPLCs have 60-65% identities to the PI-PLCs from other plant species. Both recombinant PI-PLCs proteins expressed in E. coli cells show the PIP(2)-hydrolyzing activity. The RT-PCR analysis shows that both of them are expressed in pollen grains, whereas expression level of LdPLC2 is induced in germinating pollen. The exogenous purified calmodulin (CaM) is able to stimulate the activity of the PI-PLC when it is added into the pollen protoplast medium, while anti-CaM antibody suppresses the stimulation effect caused by exogenous CaM. PI-PLC activity is enhanced by G protein agonist cholera toxin and decreased by G protein antagonist pertussis toxin. Increasing in PI-PLC activity caused by exogenous purified CaM is also inhibited by pertussis toxin. A PI-PLC inhibitor, U-73122, inhibited the stimulation of PI-PLC activity caused by cholera toxin and it also leads to the decrease of [Ca(2+)](cyt) in pollen grains. Those results suggest that the PPI-PLC signaling pathway is present in Lilium daviddi pollen, and PI-PLC activity might be regulated by a heterotrimeric G protein and extracellular CaM.
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PMID:Characterization of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) from Lilium daviddi pollen. 1608 56