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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epidemiological data on pertussis in the Republic of Ireland have been gathered annually since 1941. However, no detailed analysis of these data has, until now, been carried out. Fifteen epidemics occurred between 1941 and 1989, an average of one per 3.1 years, which is similar to epidemic intervals observed elsewhere. After the introduction of a vaccine in the 1950s, annual pertussis notifications declined, from 175 per 100,000 in 1956 to 7.6 per 100,000 in 1972. Following adverse publicity in 1973, uptake of the vaccine fell to 30% in 1976. Although uptake has increased again in recent years, it has levelled out at only 40-45% and large epidemics of pertussis occurred in 1985 and 1989. At the same time, mortality from pertussis has fallen to almost negligible levels. Most cases occur in children more than one year of age. Changes in the vaccination schedule could have a major impact on the incidence of the disease in the Republic of Ireland. However, if a further decline in the incidence of the disease is to be achieved, parents have to be persuaded of the benefits of pertussis vaccination.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1992 Feb 28
PMID:The epidemiology of pertussis in the Republic of Ireland. 128 97

Recovery in the uptake of whole-cell pertussis vaccine from 30% in 1978 to 91% in 1992 has resulted in a major reduction in the incidence of pertussis and in the proportion of cases occurring in pre-school children. This has been accompanied by a decline in pertussis mortality rates, with no deaths reported since September 1990. Seventy-four per cent of the 50 fatal cases reported since 1980 have been infants under one year of age, demonstrating the importance of completing primary immunisation as early as possible after birth. There is no evidence, as yet, that introduction of the accelerated immunisation schedule in June 1990 has reduced the proportion of cases occurring in infants, suggesting that the decline in mortality during the last two years is largely due to indirect protection provided by the current high level of vaccine-induced herd immunity. If 90% coverage is sustained and there is no significant waning of immunity with age, the circulation of Bordetella pertussis should be sufficiently reduced to interrupt the four year epidemic cycle for the first time in the United Kingdom. The hypothesis that vaccine-induced immunity has a serotype-specific component is supported by recent changes in serotype prevalence which have followed the increase in vaccine coverage. Given the successful reinstatement of whole-cell vaccine in the UK immunisation programme, the case for replacing it with a new acellular preparation will require careful evaluation.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1992 Dec 04
PMID:The epidemiology of pertussis in England and Wales. 128 34

Two large epidemics of pertussis occurred in Britain during 1977-79 and 1981-83, following a decline in vaccine uptake in the mid-1970s. Serotype 1,3 predominated during both epidemics but serotypes 1,2 and 1,2,3 constituted 32% (243 of 769) of the isolates from unvaccinated children compared with only 10% (9 of 86) of the isolates from vaccinated children (p < 0.005). Whole-cell vaccines, although effective against infection with all serotypes, have a higher efficacy against serotypes 1,2 and 1,2,3 than against serotype 1,3. These data suggest that not only should acellular vaccines contain agglutinogens specific for each serotype but trials should demonstrate efficacy against all three serotypes.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1992 Dec 04
PMID:Serotype specificity of vaccine-induced immunity to pertussis. 128 35

Attention to local uptake of childhood immunisation is fundamental to the achievement of national targets. The aim of this investigation was to discover whether local interventions by the immunisation coordinator in a district health authority improved uptake. The immunisation coordinator and a public health nurse determined the immunisation uptake in their locality. They made inquiries, and responded to general practitioners and health visitors who asked them to help encourage persistent non-attenders to consent to immunisation. All interventions intended to encourage parents to consent to immunisation (such as telephone calls, letters, and home visits), and their outcomes, were monitored. The uptake of immunisation was remeasured after one year. Ninety-three children were identified whose parents had not responded to repeated invitations for immunisation. Eleven cases were lost to follow up: the families of 10 children had moved out of the area, and one child had died. The remaining 82 children could be divided into two groups: one group, of 49 children, was due for primary vaccination (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio, and measles, mumps, and rubella), and a second group, of 33 children, was due for the preschool (diphtheria, tetanus, and polio) booster. Fifty-eight of the 82 children were vaccinated as a result of the intervention. All but two general practices achieved the 90% target for uptake. The review showed that the locality as a whole achieved greater vaccine coverage. The biggest improvement was in the preschool booster uptake, which rose from 87% to 90%.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1994 Jun 24
PMID:The immunisation coordinator: improving uptake of childhood immunisation. 752 Aug 3

Notifications of pertussis in England and Wales have fallen dramatically from 65 810 during the epidemic year of 1982 to 3963 cases during the epidemic year of 1994, as vaccine coverage has risen. The incidence of pertussis has declined in all ages, including babies under 3 months of age who would have been at risk of disease from older siblings vaccinated under the accelerated schedule introduced in 1990 if immunity induced as result of this schedule had been short lived. To document the efficacy of the current whole cell vaccine under the accelerated schedule an enhanced surveillance scheme based on laboratory confirmed cases of pertussis was set up in 1994. Three deaths occurred in infants with confirmed pertussis, all of whom were under 8 weeks of age and unvaccinated. The overall vaccine efficacy for those over 6 months and under 5 years of age was 94%. This estimate may be inflated, as a number of biases could lead to the underascertainment of cases in vaccinated children, but it is similar to previous estimates obtained for children of the same age vaccinated under the 3, 5, and 10 month schedule. Vaccine efficacy was 89% for children aged over 5 and under 15 years. The enhanced surveillance scheme will enable us to monitor the duration of protection under the accelerated schedule and evaluate the continuing impact of pertussis infection.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1996 May 24
PMID:The effect of an accelerated immunisation schedule on pertussis in England and Wales. 866 29

The aim of this study was to determine associations between indicators of social deprivation and the uptake of primary immunisation in London. Correlation coefficients were calculated between immunisation coverage in London for each of the 28 inner and outer London district health authorities in November 1991 and a range of possible explanatory variables from small area statistics data from the November 1991 census. The proportions of children under 5 years of age, lone parent families, unemployed members of the workforce, domestic overcrowding, ethnic minorities, and unskilled workforce were correlated significantly with the coverage of primary immunisation for third dose diphtheria (D3) and pertussis (P3) at 12 months. A significant correlation with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) at 24 months existed only for lone parent families. Multiple linear regression weighted by population size was used to identify independent predictors of variation in immunisation cover. The proportion of lone parent families in each district health authority was the only significant independent risk factor consistently associated with variation in immunisation coverage for D3, P3, and MMR. The proportion of lone parent families explained 42% of the variation in coverage for D3 in November 1991. This study has identified lone parenthood as an important independent risk factor in London for failure to complete immunisation.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1997 Oct 17
PMID:Lone parent families are an independent risk factor for lower rates of childhood immunisation in London. 935 95