Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 3-week-old baby, suffering from whooping cough with severe attacks of apnoea and hypoxia, was treated by nasal CPAP with a positive airway pressure of about 5 cm H2O. The respiration improved rapidly and the transcutaneous oxygen tension increased to a normal level. The treatment was carried on for 7 days and discontinued gradually in the course of 3 days. The child was also treated with pertussis immunoglobulin and erythromycin. The CPAP system employed is easily and rapidly applied and allows normal nursing of the child during the treatment and manual lung physiotherapy in upright position. The treatment probably proved lifesaving.
Anaesthesia
PMID:Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of whooping cough. 39 52

Brown-Norway rats (male) were sensitized with both dinitrophenylated-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) and Bordetella pertussis simultaneously in order to induce airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) as the first sensitization. At five days, DNP-BSA was inhaled as a booster into the airways under thiopental anaesthesia. At eight days, inhalation of antigen markedly increased the tracheal pressure (TP) in sensitized rats (11.9 +/- 1.6 cmH2O) and slightly increased TP in non-sensitized rats (1.1 +/- 0.4), the difference between the two groups being significant (p less than 0.001). Twenty-four hours after antigen challenge, the airway responsiveness to ACh in sensitized rats was markedly increased to about 4-fold as compared to that in non-sensitized rats. Inhalation of dinitrophenylated-ovalbumin failed to increase the airway responsiveness to ACh in rats sensitized with DNP-BSA, although a marked increase in TP was induced immediately after antigen challenge. We thus succeeded in preparing a model of AHR by employing a new procedure of sensitization.
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PMID:Induction of airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic rats. 171 32

Several factors of immune response are affected by anaesthesia and surgery. Opsonization as a phase of the phagocytic process was studied in ten patients undergoing cholecystectomy under balanced anaesthesia with thiopentone, suxamethonium, pancuronium, N2O + O2, fentanyl, dehydrobenzperidol and enflurane. The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence responses were depressed at the end of surgery in phagocytosis of patient-serum-opsonized zymosan and Bordetella pertussis (P less than 0.05). The responses to Bordetella pertussis were already depressed after the period of presurgery anaesthesia (P less than 0.05). The responses returned to preinduction values by the third postoperative day. Since the decreases could only be observed with diluted serum and there were no infectious complications in the patients, the serum opsonic capacity was considered clinically sufficient during and after anaesthesia and surgery.
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PMID:Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on serum opsonic capacity. 287 87

A short-term toxicity study was performed to investigate local reactions and haematological changes after intramuscular (i.m.) injection of meningococcal vaccine with a concentration of 25 or 50 micrograms protein ml-1. In these meningococcal vaccines up to 75 micrograms Zwittergent ml-1 was used to form a protein-detergent complex with attractive immunogenic properties. The Zwittergent preparations were treated with NaOH in order to destroy any propane sultone residue and this was checked by HPLC. The effects were compared with those caused by a sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution and by diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio (DPT-polio) vaccine. Groups of six male rats were injected i.m. with 0.25 ml of the test solution, on day 0 in the left, and on day 7 in the right, quadriceps muscle. On day 14 the animals were exsanguinated under ether anaesthesia and, after gross inspection, inguinal nodes were weighed. These lymph nodes and the left and right quadriceps muscles were studied microscopically. In addition, a haematological investigation was performed. A significant increase in the number of thrombocytes was seen in animals receiving the DPT-polio and meningococcal vaccines containing 25 micrograms protein ml-1, and an increase in the number of leucocytes, due to an increase of neutrophils and monocytes, was seen in animals receiving the DPT-polio and meningococcal vaccine containing 50 micrograms protein ml-1. In comparison with the DPT-polio vaccine (a product generally acceptable for use in man), the local inflammatory reaction in the muscles was less in rats injected with the meningococcal vaccines (especially in the 25 micrograms protein ml-1 group).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Local reactions of Zwittergent-containing meningococcal vaccine after intramuscular injection in rats: comparison with the effect of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-polio vaccine. 314 90

The plasma renin concentration was measured after anesthesia in control and in pertussis toxin-treated rats. The anesthetics increased renin secretion and this effect was markedly magnified in rats treated with pertussis toxin. Propranolol partially blocked the increase in plasma renin concentration produced by anesthetics. It is concluded that the adrenergic system is involved in this effect and that pertussis toxin magnifies it by potentiating the beta-adrenergic action.
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PMID:Pertussis toxin potentiates anesthesia-induced renin secretion. 389 36

Twenty-four patients with pertussis admitted to a paediatric Intensive Care Unit over a period of 42 months are reviewed. It is concluded that pertussis affects the young baby most severely, the majority of the children admitted were under the age of 3 months. Many required long term intubation and pulmonary supportive therapy and the percentage of those admitted to the Intensive Care Unit who have needed mechanical ventilation has steadily increased over the period reviewed from 25 to 71%. The youngest infant died from overwhelming respiratory infection. The other 23 patients recovered but three children developed neurological complications and their recovery is still being assessed. The importance of maintenance of the immunisation programme is stressed in view of the evidence of the severity of the disease in the very young infant.
Anaesthesia 1980 Oct
PMID:Ventilatory support for children with whooping cough. Experience with children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit. 700 52

B. pertussis vaccine or pulmonary infection produced marked hyperinsulinaemia in mice relative to controls (e.g. control 32 mU/1; B. pertussis infected 113 mU/1). This was associated with a modest relative hypoglycaemia (15-25%). The hyperinsulinaemia was observed only when blood was collected from mice anaesthetized with ether, pentobarbitone, or trichloroethylene but not from unanaesthetized animals. Ether-induced hyperinsulinaemia in B. pertussis was transient. Adrenaline produced marked hyperinsulinaemia in B. pertussis-infected mice whereas it tended to produce hypoinsulinaemia in control animals. The hyperinsulinaemic effect of ether anaesthesia in B. pertussis-infected mice was significantly reduced by beta-adrenoceptor blockade using propranolol. It is suggested (a) that pertussis-infected or vaccinated mice are not chronically hyperinsulinaemic but show elevated insulin concentrations only when subjected to an additional stimulus; (b) that hyperinsulinaemia produced by anaesthesia in pertussis-treated mice is secondary to an altered responsiveness of the insulin-secreting cells to this stimulus; (c) that part of this stimulus may be due to catecholamines released during anaesthesia.
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PMID:Bordetella pertussis-induced hyperinsulinaemia without marked hypoglycaemia: a paradox explained. 702 74

alpha 2-adrenergic receptors mediate many of the physiological actions of the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, and are targets of several therapeutic agents. alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists are currently used as antihypertensives and as veterinary sedative anaesthetics. They are also used in humans as adjuncts to anaesthesia, as spinal analgesics, and to treat opioid, nicotine and alcohol dependence and withdrawal. Three human alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtype genes have been cloned and designated alpha 2-C10, alpha 2-C4, and alpha 2-C2, according to their location on human chromosomes 10, 4 and 2. They correspond to the previously identified pharmacological receptor subtypes alpha 2A, alpha 2C and alpha 2B. The receptor proteins share only about 50% identity in their amino acid sequence, but some structurally and functionally important domains are very well conserved. The most obvious functionally important differences between the receptor subtypes are based on their different tissue distributions; e.g. the alpha 2A subtype appears to be an important modulator of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the brain. The three receptors bind most alpha 2-adrenergic drugs with similar affinities, but some compounds (e.g. oxymetazoline) are capable of discriminating between the subtypes. Clinically useful subtype selectivity cannot be achieved with currently available pharmaceutical agents. The second messenger pathways of the three receptors show many similarities, but small functional differences between the subtypes may turn out to have important pharmacological and clinical consequences. All alpha 2-adrenoceptors couple to the pertussis-toxin sensitive inhibitory G proteins Gi and G(o), but recent evidence indicates that also other G proteins may interact with alpha 2-adrenoceptors, including Gs and Gq/11. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity, which results in decreased formation of cAMP, is an important consequence of alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation. Many of the physiological effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation cannot, however, be explained by decreases in cAMP formation. Therefore, alternative mechanisms have been sought to account for the various effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation on electrophysiologic, secretory and contractile cellular responses. Recent results obtained from studies on ion channel regulation point to the importance of calcium and potassium channels in the molecular pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
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PMID:Molecular pharmacology of alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes. 851 5

Postsynaptic GABA(B) receptor-mediated events have previously been shown to be reduced by prior treatment with pertussis toxin in rat brain. In the present study genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) were given single bilateral injections of pertussis toxin (PTx 0.4 microg), denatured-PTx or vehicle saline into the relay nuclei of the thalamus under anaesthesia. After recovery the spike and wave discharge duration (SWD) was monitored for up to 6 days following which the brains were removed and GABA(B) or GABA(A) receptor autoradiography performed on 10 microm transverse sections. By 6 days the SWD of the rats treated with PTx was suppressed by 96% compared with vehicle-injected rats with a significant (62%) reduction even after 1 day. Denatured toxin had no effect at any time. After 6 days GABA(B), but not GABA(A), receptor binding was significantly reduced by 70-80% in the ventrolateral and ventral posteriolateral thalamic nuclei. No changes in other brain regions were detected and denatured toxin failed to alter GABA(A) or GABA(B) receptor binding in any brain region. These data implicate G-protein mechanisms in the generation of SWD in GAERS and support the role of GABA(B) receptors in their induction within the thalamus.
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PMID:Pertussis toxin decreases absence seizures and GABA(B) receptor binding in thalamus of a genetically prone rat (GAERS). 1058 85

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), an anesthetic adjuvant analog of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), depresses cell excitability in hippocampal neurons by inducing hyperpolarization through the activation of a prominent inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir3) conductance. These GABA type B (GABA(B))-like effects are clearly shown at high concentrations of GHB corresponding to blood levels usually reached during anesthesia and are mimicked by the GABA(B) agonist baclofen. Recent studies of native GABA(B) receptors (GABA(B)Rs) have favored the concept that GHB is also a selective agonist. Furthermore, cloning has demonstrated that GABA(B)Rs assemble heteromeric complexes from the GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 subtypes and that these assemblies are activated by GHB. The surprisingly high tissue content, together with anti-ischemic and protective effects of GHB in the heart, raises the question of a possible influence of GABA(B) agonists on excitable cardiac cells. In the present study, we provide electrophysiological evidence that GHB activates an inwardly rectifying K(+) current in rat ventricular myocytes. This effect is mimicked by baclofen, reversibly inhibited by GABA(B) antagonists, and prevented by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Both GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 are detected in cardiomyocytes by Western blotting and are shown to coimmunoprecipitate. Laser scanning confocal microscopy discloses an even distribution of the two receptors in the sarcolemma and along the transverse tubular system. Hence, we conclude that GABA(B)Rs are distributed not only in neuronal tissues but also in the heart, where they can be activated and induce electrophysiological alterations through G-protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium channels.
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PMID:gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors are expressed and functional in mammalian cardiomyocytes. 1090 22


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