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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We compared an acellular (B type) pertussis-component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP-Ac) vaccine containing equal amounts of filamentous hemagglutinin and lymphocytosis-promoting factor with a conventional whole-cell vaccine as the first booster immunization in 162 healthy children 15 to 24 months of age. Fewer local reactions (e.g., erythema, swelling, and tenderness at the injection site) were seen in DTP-Ac vaccine recipients during the first 48 hours of observation. This group also had fewer episodes of fever (> or = 38 degrees C) and other systemic reactions (e.g., irritability, drowsiness, and anorexia). Overall, 57% of the DTP-Ac vaccine recipients had no obvious adverse reactions, in contrast to 5% in the comparison group. At 4 to 8 weeks after vaccination, serum antibody responses to filamentous hemagglutinin and lymphocytosis-promoting factor were greater in recipients of the acellular vaccine as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We conclude that this B-type acellular vaccine is both immunogenic and much less likely to cause an adverse reaction than a currently licensed whole-cell vaccine, and is suitable for routine booster immunizing doses to protect against pertussis.
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PMID:Comparison of acellular (B type) and whole-cell pertussis-component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines as the first booster immunization in 15- to 24-month-old children. 144 45

Traxanox was inactive against classic acute and subacute inflammation models such as carrageenin paw edema, UV erythema, 6-hr Evans blue-carrageenin (E-C) pleurisy and cotton pellet granuloma formation, and it failed to inhibit the production of prostaglandin E2 and a slow reacting substance from rat peritoneal leucocytes which phagocytize killed bacteria in vitro. On the other hand, traxanox inhibited the anaphylactoid reaction and decreased the pleural fluid in 24-hr E-C pleurisy. Traxanox (100 mg/kg, p.o.) also showed a tendency to suppress dextran edema and cotton pellet granuloma formation in adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. In experimental models of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), traxanox (100 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited the accumulation of the exudate and the leucocyte migration in B. pertussis-induced pleurisy in rats. Traxanox (50 mg/kg) did not show any effect on AA in Lewis rats when administered orally for 21 days after the adjuvant inoculation, but the combined administration of traxanox with hydrocortisone (10 mg/kg, p.o.) or indomethacin (0.25 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in a synergistic inhibition of AA. When the administration of traxanox was started 21 days before the adjuvant inoculation, it inhibited AA in a dose-dependent manner (50-100 mg/kg, p.o.). On the other hand, traxanox (100 mg/kg, p.o.) enhanced the concanavalin A-induced DTH-like skin reaction in guinea pigs. These results indicate that the mode of action of traxanox on inflammatory responses resembles that of D-penicillamine or levamisole, so that it may prove to be clinically effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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PMID:[Effect of traxanox sodium on inflammatory response]. 286 59

Rabbits that were injected intradermally with pertussis toxin (PT), produced from Bordetella pertussis, showed slight edema and erythema at the injection sites, but not hemorrhage nor necrosis. The edema lesions were stained blue by the intravenous injection of Pontamine Sky Blue 6B dye, suggesting that PT caused increased vascular permeability, similarly to the permeability factor (PF) of cholera toxin. The reaction of the PF of PT could be determined by measuring the diameter of the blue area. The diameter of the blue area bore a good linear relationship to the logarithm of the dose of PT. The activity of the PF was neutralized by anti-PT rabbit serum. Detoxification of PT with formalin did not increase the vascular permeability, but reverted pertussis toxoid showed a PF reaction in proportion to the reverted leukocytosis-promoting and histamine-sensitizing activities of PT. The supernate of a Bordetella pertussis culture also induced a PF reaction and the reaction could be made clear by heating the supernate at 56 C for 30 min, but the supernate of Bordetella bronchiseptica did not induce the reaction at all.
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PMID:Increase in intradermal vascular permeability caused by pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis. 289 84

We conducted a retrospective survey of immunized school children in order to define the incidence of pertussis in relation to the acceptance rate of acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid (ACP-DT vaccine). The attack rate of the disease was 0.01-0.02% in children with a history of recommended doses of the vaccine. In unimmunized children, 6.43-6.52% had a history of pertussis. To confirm the efficacy of the vaccine, a prospective household contact study based on clinical findings was conducted. Of 37 unimmunized children, 30 developed clinically diagnosed pertussis, and of 39 fully immunized children only two contracted the disease. Because there was no cluster of pertussis cases, a difference in vaccine efficacy between products seemed unlikely. From 1984 to 1987, there were no cases of high fever, encephalopathy, shock or death attributable to mass immunization with the vaccine. Severe erythema and swelling of the inoculated arm to the wrist were observed in 16 children (3.06/100,000 doses) after the third dose or after the booster dose. The vaccines used for these 16 children were from different manufacturers. All cases recovered completely.
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PMID:Clinical studies on efficacy and safety of acellular pertussis vaccine. 307 9

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a new acellular pertussis vaccine were tested in healthy adults. The vaccine contained three constituents of Bordetella pertussis; filamentous haemagglutinin, pertussis toxin (PT) and fimbriae bearing agglutinogens 2 and 3. The constituents were separately purified, treated with formaldehyde and combined with one of two aluminium adjuvants. Subjects received one dose of vaccine or an appropriate adjuvant-only preparation and were monitored for clinical responses for 7 days. Results with the two forms of vaccine were similar. Of 35 vaccinees, none had a temperature higher than 37 degrees C or a severe reaction, one had a moderate reaction (possibly due in part to intercurrent infection) and nine had mild reactions confined to localized discomfort and/or erythema or induration at the injection site. All vaccinees had good serum antibody responses to vaccine antigens measured by ELISA and for PT, by neutralization of its effects on Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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PMID:Trial of a new acellular pertussis vaccine in healthy adult volunteers. 328 87

Epidemic patterns of 12 infectious diseases based on the data derived from the surveillance system of infectious diseases in Japan are analyzed. Weekly numbers of patients per one monitor station (general clinics and hospitals) are calculated by prefecture. Based on these data, the patterns of epidemic are classified into five categories: Category 1, nationwide outbreak of short duration (rotavirus enteritis, hand-foot-mouth disease and herpangina); Category 2, nationwide outbreak of long duration (varicella); Category 3, concurrent outbreaks in several districts (rubella and erythema infectiosum); Category 4, epidemic of long duration in several prefectures at different times (measles, mumps, pertussis, streptococcal infection and atypical pneumonia); Category 5, unclear epidemic pattern (exanthema subitum).
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PMID:Epidemic patterns of infectious diseases from the results of the surveillance of infectious diseases in Japan. 336 59

The benefits and risks of both the vaccine for pertussis and the disease itself are reviewed in this article. Unlike with the smallpox vaccine, it seems unlikely that a vaccine will be developed to eradicate pertussis completely, since most confer only a short-term immunity. A longitudinal study was undertaken to compare the mortality and morbidity rates of pertussis with the adverse reaction rate of the vaccination program. Risks of the vaccination, such as erythema, drowsiness, and vomiting are well known. However, the issue of neurologic difficulties has surfaced and disagreement exists. Some association does seem to exist between the vaccine and neurologic problems; however, the morbidity and mortality of whooping cough is of a greater health consequence than these rare neurologic reactions.
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PMID:Routine pertussis immunization. 384 7

The WHO memorandum outlines the present situation regarding pertussis vaccines, discusses ways to evaluate candidate vaccines, and identifies future research needs. Most existing whooping cough vaccines are whole-cell vaccines, combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid adsorbed on an aluminum or calcium carrier. As whole bacterial cells, they contain a complex array of at least 7 toxins and antigens, and display a narrow margin between potency and toxicity. The Japanese introduced an acellular vaccine, admittedly sometimes less potent, called the Precipitated Purified Pertussis Vaccine, in 1981. This material contains far less bacterial mass, notably less endotoxin, and consequently produces less fever, erythema and induration. WHO has not yet established minimum requirements for standardization; even the mouse potency assay may not be suitable. There are techniques, however, which will measure amounts of component antigens and toxicity. Conflicting results on assays of potency and immunogenicity will have to be resolved. Besides the obvious need for large clinical trials of defined vaccines, a whole range of research needs were suggested, from genetic studies of the organism to specific details of the host response. It is generally agreed that a less reactogenic and more effective pertussis vaccine is needed and feasible.
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PMID:Developments in pertussis vaccines: memorandum from a WHO meeting. 387 13

In 1979, 101 adults were skin-tested by a health department to evaluate tuberculin reactivity; of the 96 persons followed, 87 (91 per cent) experienced inflammation marked by swelling, erythema, arm pain, and fever. Five months later, a 5 mm to 10 mm purple macule persisted in 76 persons. The vials of PPD reportedly used for testing had been discarded, but PPD had been stored in the refrigerator with DT and DTP. The mean tetanus antitoxin titer in skin-tested persons was 0.14 units per ml (u/ml) vs 0.08 u/ml in untested control persons (p lesser than 0.03). The mean diphtheria antitoxin titer in skin-tested people was 0.90 u/ml vs 0.16 for controls (p = 10(-5)). The mean pertussis antibody in skin-tested persons was 1:169 vs 1:12 for controls (p = 10(-5)). Intradermal DTP in immune rabbits produced histologically typical Arthus reactions similar to those experienced by the humans. Seven months later, 90 persons received PPD injections. Ten had induration; none experienced persistent reactions. We concluded that the humans initially received DTP instead of PPD.
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PMID:Cutaneous inflammation caused by inadvertent intradermal administration of DTP instead of PPD. 645 26

Lotifazole (F 1686) - 4-phenyl-2-(2',2',2-trichloroethoxycarboxamido) thiazole - has a range of anti-inflammatory activities in animals that differs from the activities of classic non-steroidal drugs. It reduces carrageenin-induced oedema in rats, UV-induced erythema in guinea pigs, and Arthus pleurisies in rats only at high doses. It does not affect Freund's-adjuvant polyarthritis, and it only slightly affects passive skin anaphylaxis in rats and anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. Lotifazole does not greatly inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. However, at low doses and after various conditions of treatment, F 1686 reduces PPD- and Bordetella- pertussis-induced delayed-hypersensitivity pleurisy in guinea pigs and rats, respectively, and contact hypersensitivity reactions to picryl chloride and oxazolone in mice. Its action on the two models of delayed-hypersensitivity pleurisy is reflected in a decrease of the pleural exudate and of the number of mononuclear cells in the focus of inflammation. At active doses, Lotifazole does not cause changes in the differential leukocyte count in normal animals. It appears, furthermore, to be a T-lymphocyte stimulant.
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PMID:Lotifazole (F 1686), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with an unusual pharmacological spectrum. 670 14


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