Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have recently reported the cloning of a mouse kappa opioid receptor cDNA. Following transfection of the kappa receptor cDNA into COS-1 cells, a receptor is expressed with the pharmacological specificity of a kappa opioid receptor. To further analyse its functional properties, we have stably expressed the kappa opioid receptor in undifferentiated PC-12 cells, a pheochromocytoma clonal cell line, which do not endogenously express this receptor. We have previously shown that kappa opioid agonists selectively bind to these PC-12 membranes with high affinity. Here we show that kappa selective agonists are able to inhibit accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in a stereoselective manner. Further, the kappa agonist U-50,488 is able to inhibit an N-type calcium current in a pertussis toxin sensitive manner; this inhibition is blocked by the kappa-selective antagonist norbinaltorphimine. Inhibition of the calcium current via the kappa receptor is stereoselective as the agonist levorphanol is able to mediate inhibition whereas in the same cells dextrorphan is ineffective. This is the first demonstration that the cloned kappa opioid receptor functionally couples to a calcium current, as has been reported for kappa receptors expressed endogenously in the nervous system. Kappa opioid receptors are thought to be important in pain pathways, learning and memory deficits, and seizure activity. A major physiological action of the dynorphins, the endogenous ligands of the kappa receptor, is thought to be inhibition of neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals. N-type calcium channels may be important in neurotransmitter release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The cloned kappa opioid receptor couples to an N-type calcium current in undifferentiated PC-12 cells. 770 May 8

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is a component of the Child Survival Project (CSP). Its objective is to reduce the incidence rates of measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, and poliomyelitis by increasing effective vaccination coverage. In 1991, CSP/EPI developed a national plan to introduce national immunization of infants against hepatitis B, which is an endemic disease in Egypt. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Studies have shown that by maturity most of the population has been infected with hepatitis A and greater than 50% with hepatitis B. The recommended series of 3 intramuscular doses of hepatitis B vaccine induces a protective antibody response (anti HBs) in 90% of healthy adults and 95% of infants, children, and adolescents. Several studies have shown that the currently licensed vaccines produce high rates of seroconversion ( 95%) and induce adequate levels of anti HBs when administered to infants at 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of age. Scheduling was adjusted to coincide with the currently adopted 2, 4, and 6 month vaccination schedule for oral poliomyelitis virus (OPV) and diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) to allow a delay of vaccination from 2 to 3 months following birth. Long term studies of healthy adults and children indicate the immunologic memory remains intact for at least 9 years and confers protection against HBV infection even though anti HBs levels may decline below detectable levels. Safety of hepatitis B vaccines has been verified through experience with millions of doses administered worldwide after licensure. Pain at the injection site (3-29%) and a temperature greater than 37.7 degrees Celsius have been the most frequently reported side effects among adults and children. Nearly 90% of children and 96% of newborns had no reactions to the vaccine. Any presumed risk of adverse events must be balanced against the expected risk of acute and chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B virus infection.
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PMID:Integration of hepatitis B immunization in the Expanded Program on Immunization of the Child Survival Project. 777 76

Opioid drugs exert a wide spectrum of physiological and behavioral effects, including effects on pain perception, mood, motor control and autonomic functions. The effects of opioids are mediated via a family of membrane-bound receptors, of which the most extensively characterized are the mu, delta and kappa receptors. We have now cloned the human homolog of the mu opioid receptor and, in the present study, we have examined its pharmacological profile. The human mu receptor has high affinities for several alkaloids of high abuse potential as well as a variety of peptide and nonpeptide drugs characterized previously as mu-selective, but not delta- or kappa-selective. Most importantly, the human mu receptor has higher affinity for morphine and methadone than does the rat mu receptor, despite the fact that these receptors are 95% identical at the amino acid level. The labeling of the receptor by agonist was decreased by nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs and by pertussis toxin treatment of cells expressing the human mu receptor, consistent with the coupling of the receptor to guanine nucleotide binding proteins. The human mu receptor functionally couples to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in a stereospecific and naloxone-reversible manner. We have also investigated the distribution of mRNAs encoding the mu receptor in human brain by Northern analysis, which demonstrates the existence of multiple transcripts of 13.5, 11, 4.3 and 2.8 kb, which were highly expressed in the hypothalamus, thalamus and subthalamic nucleus, more moderately expressed in the amygdala and caudate nucleus and which demonstrated lowest levels of expression in the hippocampus, substantia nigra and corpus callosum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Characterization of the cloned human mu opioid receptor. 781 59

Using data from one of our randomised trials, we investigated post-hoc whether male neonatal circumcision is associated with a greater pain response to routine vaccination at 4 or 6 months. Pain response during routine vaccination with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) alone or DPT followed by Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate (HIB) was scored blind. 42 boys received DPT and 18 also received HIB. After DPT, median visual analogue scores by an observer were higher in the circumcised group (40 vs 26 mm, p = 0.03). After HIB, circumcised infants had higher behavioural pain scores (8 vs 6, p = 0.01) and cried longer (53 vs 19 s, p = 0.02). Thus neonatal circumcision may affect pain response several months after the event.
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PMID:Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys. 770 34

We have previously demonstrated that beta-endorphin and morphine, when administered supraspinally, produce antinociception by activating different descending pain inhibitory systems in both rats and mice. However, the signal transduction mechanisms involved in the descending pain-inhibitory systems that are activated by beta-endorphin and morphine administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) have not been characterized. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) and i.c.v. pretreatments with pertussis toxin (PTX) on antinociception induced by beta-endorphin or by morphine administered i.c.v. were studied in ICR mice. Antinociception was assessed by the tail-flick assay and by the hot-plate assay. Intrathecal pretreatment with PTX (0.5 microgram) for 6 days effectively reduced the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by beta-endorphin (1 microgram) or by morphine (1 microgram) administered i.c.v. However, i.t. pretreatment with PTX was not effective in reducing the inhibition of the hot-plate response induced by beta-endorphin or by morphine administered i.c.v. Intracerebroventricular pretreatment with PTX (0.5 microgram) for 6 days effectively reduced the inhibition of the tail-flick and hot-plate responses induced by morphine (1 microgram), but not that induced by beta-endorphin (1 microgram), administered i.c.v. Our results suggest that there are PTX-sensitive G proteins coupled to the spinal descending pain inhibitory systems that are activated by beta-endorphin and morphine administered i.c.v. At a supraspinal level, i.c.v. morphine- but not beta-endorphin-induced antinociception is mediated by PTX-sensitive G proteins.
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PMID:Effects of intrathecal or intracerebroventricular pretreatment with pertussis toxin on antinociception induced by beta-endorphin or morphine administered intracerebroventricularly in mice. 796 10

An acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) containing pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin and the 69-kDa outer membrane protein (pertactin) was compared with United States-licensed whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTwP) as a three dose sequence at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Eighty infants were enrolled; 62 received DTaP and 18 received DTwP. Sixty-two infants had preimmunization and 1 month postimmunization sera available for pertussis antibodies. No infant experienced a serious adverse reaction. Significantly fewer infants in the DTaP group experienced irritability (P < 0.001) and moderate to severe injection site pain and redness (P < 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively). The DTaP group also had significantly greater increases in geometric mean titers of antibodies against filamentous hemagglutinin (P < 0.001) and pertactin (P = 0.006). This three-component DTaP vaccine induced an antibody response to pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin but caused fewer adverse reactions than DTwP when administered as a primary series of immunization to 2-month-old infants.
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PMID:Comparison of a three-component acellular pertussis vaccine with whole cell pertussis vaccine in two-month-old children. 817 26

In two double-blind, randomized, comparative studies involving a total of 218 children, an acellular pertussis (DTPa) vaccine containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis components filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), pertussis toxoid (PT), and 69 kDa outer membrane protein (69 kDa OMP) was administered as a booster to 17-month-old and 5-year-old children with a history of routine whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTPw) vaccination. The control groups in these studies received DTPw vaccine. Among 17-month-old toddlers, significantly lower proportions of DTPa vaccine recipients had local pain (7.3%), redness (14.5%) and swelling (9.1%) than DTPw vaccine recipients (23.6%, 30.9% and 23.6%, respectively). A trend toward fewer local reactions was also seen in 5-year-old children vaccinated with DTPa in private practice and public clinics although differences were not statistically significant. Fever (rectal temperature > or = 38 degrees C) was reported more frequently for DTPw vaccine recipients in both age groups. While no differences existed between groups in terms of geometric mean antibody titres (GMTs) prior to booster vaccination, anti-PT antibody GMTs were higher among DTPa vaccine recipients than among DTPw vaccine recipients after booster vaccination. The difference was statistically significant in 5-year-old subjects. Furthermore, significantly higher anti-FHA and anti-69 kDa OMP GMTs were seen in DTPa vaccine recipients in both age groups. In pre-vaccination seropositive subjects and in pre-vaccination seronegative subjects the rate of immune response to pertussis antigens was higher for DTPa than for DTPw vaccine recipients with the exception of the rate of response induced to 69 kDa OMP in 5-year-old children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Acellular pertussis diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine containing separately purified pertussis toxoid, filamentous haemagglutinin and 69 kDa outer membrane protein as a booster in children. 833 14

Whole cell currents evoked by pain-inducing agents--bradykinin (Bk), capsaicin (Cap), and reciniferatoxin (RTX), and their modulation of voltage-activated Ca currents were examined in F-11 cells using a patch electrode voltage clamp technique. Most F-11 cells generated action potentials under current clamp if their membrane potentials were held sufficiently negative. Average peak inward Na current (INa) was 100 microA/cm2 and the INa was abolished by 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin. At least two types of Ca currents could be clearly distinguished on the basis of voltage dependency and kinetics; a low threshold transient ICa(t) and a high threshold sustained ICa(l). In addition, another high threshold transient Ca current, presumably ICa(n), was observed. About 30% of the cells produced inward current for these pain-inducing agents, when activated at the membrane holding potential of -70 mV. In some F-11 cells, the amplitude of action potential was observed to increase during 10(-6) M Cap-induced depolarization. Both low and high threshold Ca currents were reduced by 10(-6) M Bk in the majority of the cells. Similarly, both 10(-6) M Cap and 10(-9) M RTX reduced these Ca currents. However, a considerable number of cells showed an initial enhancement followed by reduction in the amplitude of these Ca currents. With higher concentrations of these ligands, all Ca currents were suppressed. Such modulation of voltage-activated Ca currents by pain-inducing agents occurred in both the presence and absence of apparent receptor-activated current flows in the cells. In pertussis toxin (PTX)-treated cells, the inhibitory modulation of Ca currents by pain-inducing agents was suppressed. In contrast, in cholera toxin (CTX)-treated cells, this inhibitory modulation appeared to be enhanced. These data indicate that the inhibitory modulation of Ca channel currents by Cap and RTX, similarly to that of Bk, involves a PTX-sensitive inhibitory G protein (Gi).
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PMID:Modulation of voltage-activated Ca currents by pain-inducing agents in a dorsal root ganglion neuronal line, F-11. 838 74

The safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of a new acellular pertussis component diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis vaccine (DTaP) were compared with whole cell pertussis component diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis vaccine (DTwP). Fifty children ages 15 to 18 months and 50 children ages 4 to 6 years were studied. The incidence of adverse reactions observed during the first 72 hours after vaccination in the DTaP/DTwP vaccinees were: pain, 32%/92% (P < 0.001); redness, 14%/24% (P = 0.2); swelling, 2%/14% (P < 0.03); fever, 52%/90% (P < 0.001); drowsiness, 14%/34% (P < 0.05); fussiness, 32%/88% (P < 0.001); and unusually poor appetite, 6%/42% (P < 0.001). The geometric mean titers of anti-pertussis toxin and anti-filamentous hemagglutinin antibody were also significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the DTaP compared to the DTwP recipients. When administered as a booster dose this DTaP vaccine, which has been chosen by the NIH for the second pertussis vaccine clinical efficacy trial, was more immunogenic for pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin and caused fewer and less severe adverse reactions compared with the Connaught DTwP vaccine used in this study.
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PMID:Comparison of acellular pertussis vaccine with whole cell vaccine as a booster in children 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years of age. 842 70

The objective of this study was to evaluate reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the recently US-licensed Connaught/BIKEN (C/B) acellular DTP (ADTP) vaccine as a booster for children aged 15 to 20 months after they had received either the C/B ADTP or the US-licensed Connaught whole-cell DTP (WDTP) vaccine as infants. After infants had received either three doses of C/B ADTP (n = 109) or three doses of WDTP vaccine (n = 30) at 2, 4, and 6 months of age according to a 3:1, randomized, prospective design, they all received booster doses at 15 to 20 months of age with C/B ADTP. Fever > 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C), irritability, injection site redness > or = 1 inch, injection site swelling, and injection site pain, among other reactions, were monitored for 14 days after vaccination. IgG antibody to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing antibody to PT was measured by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay. No significant differences were observed between the WDTP- and ADTP-primed infants following their ADTP booster for any of the monitored reactions within 72 hours of vaccine administration or in the 4 to 14 days after vaccination. Prior to the ADTP booster, antibody levels were higher in children who had received ADTP compared with those who had received WDTP vaccine as infants for PT antibody as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and CHO cell assay. Higher levels of IgG antibody following the ADTP booster were observed to filamentous hemagglutinin and to PT in ADTP-primed compared with WDTP-primed children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of an acellular pertussis vaccine booster in 15- to 20-month-old children previously immunized with acellular or whole-cell pertussis vaccine as infants. 846 80


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