Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0043167 (pertussis)
 19,595 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For major diseases for which control measures are inadequate, research is an inexpensive approach on the basis of cost per infected person per year. Priorities among the infectious diseases affecting the 3 billion people in the less developed world have been based on prevalence, morbidity, mortality and feasibility of control. With these priorities in mind, a program of selective primary health care is compared with other approaches and suggested as the most cost-effective form of medical intervention in the least developed countries. A flexible program delivered by either fixed or mobile units might include measles and diptheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination, treatment for febrile malaria and oral rehydration for diarrhea in children, and tetanus toxoid and encouragement of breast feeding in mothers. Other interventions might be added on the basis of regional needs and new developments. Aiming services at the most important diseases is the only rational approach to absolute proverty and unsanitary conditions. The goal is to help the greatest number of people in the cost effective method possible.
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PMID:Selective primary health care: an interim strategy for disease control in developing countries. 11 30

The defect in Leiner's disease, which presents in early infancy with extensive dermatitis, diarrhoea, and failure to thrive, has been attributed to a defect of the fifth component of complement (C5). We report 2 brothers with extensive dermatitis and dysgammaglobulinaemia. Both died. The older showed symptoms of Leiner's disease: C5 tests were not performed. The younger had extensive dermatitis and was found to have the C5 defect. He developed normally, but died suddenly with pertussis. We postulate that the C5 defect is not the sole cause of Leiner's disease as has been suggested, but that hypogammaglobulinaemia or other lymphoid deficiency is also required for its expression.
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PMID:Yeast opsonization defect and immunoglobulin deficiency in severe infantile dermatitis (Leiner's disease). 14 62

During the primary diarrhea season (December 1987-April 1988) in metropolitan Porto Alegre in southern Brazil, researchers compared 192 children aged less than 2 years who were admitted to a hospital with moderate or severe dehydration with 192 neighborhood- and age-matched controls who had a diarrhea episode without dehydration during the seven days before the interview. They aimed to identify factors predicting life-threatening dehydration. When the researchers controlled for age and other confounding variables, the following factors were significantly related to an increased risk of dehydration: no father in the household, low paternal education level, young age, maternal age 25-29 years or less than 20 years, mixed race mother, high birth order, short birth interval, low birth weight, stunting, underweight and wasting, non-breast milk, children aged less than 5 in the household, family size of 4-5, no prenatal care, less than three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or poliomyelitis vaccine, previous admission to a hospital, use of medicines during the two weeks before the diarrhea episode, and living in an unsanitary household. The strongest factors associated with an increased risk of dehydration (p 0.001) included young age, low birth weight and malnutrition, short birth interval, and non-breast milk. These factors were not as effective at predicting an increased risk of dehydration as early signs and symptoms. Specifically, their sensitivities were lower than those of early signs and symptoms. Notwithstanding, these findings support current efforts towards promotion of breast feeding, prevention and treatment of malnutrition, and birth spacing since they contribute to the prevention of diarrhea-related dehydration.
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PMID:Breast-feeding, nutritional status, and other prognostic factors for dehydration among young children with diarrhoea in Brazil. 139 80

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

The effect of prior injections on the pattern and severity of paralytic poliomyelitis has been examined by a retrospective analysis of case notes from an outpatient pediatric clinic in South India. Of 262 children with acute polio, 176 had received unnecessary injections < 48 h before paralysis and 12 had received diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or provocative injections. Two children injected in the right arm had paralysis in that limb only. Children with no injections (controls) had an equal chance of paralysis (0.73) in each left and right leg. Children with injections in the right or left gluteus or in both had a 19% greater chance of paralysis in the injected leg(s), whereas uninjected legs had a 31% lower chance of paralysis. Injected leg muscles were weaker than those of control children. Legs of control children were stronger than those with one leg injected and much stronger than those with both injected. More than 96% of the children had at least one leg paralysed. Age and vaccine status did not affect the results of injections. After injections there was greater likelihood of death or lack of recovery of muscle strength. About three-quarters of the children had received unnecessary injections; of these 60% had more severe paralysis and a non-paralytic attack became paralytic in 40%. If oral medicines for fevers and diarrhoea replaced unnecessary injections, the prevalence and severity of paralytic polio would be reduced.
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PMID:Unnecessary injections and paralytic poliomyelitis in India. 147 30

This paper examines the various ways through which adults' health beliefs and attitudes affect their responses to five major killer diseases during childhood. The data for the study were derived from in-depth interviews conducted between December 1988 and January 1989 in a Yoruba community, Nigeria. The diseases covered in the study include diarrhoea, measles, tetanus, pertussis and fever. It was observed that teething and food related causes were believed to be responsible for diarrhoea; the cause of measles and pertussis was generally unknown; tetanus was usually associated with convulsions; and fever was believed to be caused by roaming in the sun and by constipation. Herbal tea, modern drugs and prayers were the most commonly prescribed treatments for these diseases. It was observed that most mothers used alternative sources of health care, rather than hospitals, clinics and maternity centres, in their treatment of diseases among children. Prominent among the alternative sources were patent medicine stores where there were personalistic social interaction between clients and operators, free consultancy and flexible pricing. Parents' location at the time of a child's sickness, access to good advisers, the perceived seriousness of the sickness and religious beliefs of mothers were important determinants of their response. Avoidance of blame was noted to be a major motivating force in parents' search for potential sources of health care. The paper concludes that although some of the practices might have negative health implications, they could be usefully adapted to the goal of self-reliance in medical care as a strategy for attaining health for all by the year 2000.
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PMID:Response of parents to five killer diseases among children in a Yoruba community, Nigeria. 187 9

Researchers interviewed 194 mothers of children 1-2 years old in Port Moresby, New Guinea to determine why childhood immunizations are not completed. They also looked at the baby clinic books to see if the children received the completed doses of vaccines. 87% did not know why children should be immunized. Moreover only 13% believed immunizations could prevent disease. Further 86.6% could not list any of the diseases that immunizations target. 11.9% did correctly report measles, tuberculosis, polio, and pertussis, however. On the other hand, 3 (1.5%) mothers incorrectly believed immunizations protect against malaria, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The relationship between lack of knowledge and noncompletion of immunization was not significant, however (p=.07). 76.8% reported very rude behavior on the part of the health staff. 15.5% went so far to say that the health staff often reacted aggressively towards them. Only 7.7% reported kind of behavior. Mothers who perceived health staff attitudes as negative tended not to return to the clinic with their children for the 3rd dose (p=.002). DPT and polio vaccine coverage declined consistently from 94% (1st dose) to 79% (3rd dose). Nevertheless 3rd dose coverage was considered rather high. Since hospital delivery was almost universal in Port Moresby and hospital staff routinely administer the BCG vaccination prior to discharge, BCG coverage was high (96%), however. Emphasis in the national immunization program should be on changing health staff attitudes leading to improvements in the social interaction between patients and health staff.
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PMID:Possible reasons for non-completion of immunization in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea. 205 99

Childhood immunization in Iran was assessed by a WHO EPI (World Health Organization, Expanded Program on Immunization) cluster survey method covering 2118 children aged 12-23 months in 1987. Complete immunization was defined as a minimum of 3 DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), 3 OPV (oral polio vaccine), 1 BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), and 1 live attenuated measles vaccine by age 1 year. Iran's Primary Health Care system consists of a rural branch operated by mobile male and female teams, and an urban branch still in the process of changing from cure-oriented care to emphasis on health education, nutrition, and maternal-child health services. Complete immunization coverage by age 1 was better in rural areas, 44.1%, than in urban areas, 28.2%, and Teheran 34.9%. There was no relationship between immunization coverage and infant mortality rate, which is dominated by diarrhea. The reason for better coverage in rural areas is that village workers actively search out, visit and immunize children, while in urban areas provide physicians dominate care, but do not insist on immunization. Furthermore, in Teheran, BCG is not routinely given, which lowered the overall immunization coverage rate there.
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PMID:Primary health care and immunisation in Iran. 206 95

The effect of intrathecal pertussis toxin on morphine dependence was studied in rats suffering from chronic pain (Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis). Animals were rendered tolerant-dependent by subcutaneous implantation of 3 pellets of 75 mg morphine base each. In both, normal and arthritic animals, 1 microgram pertussis toxin reduced the analgesia induced by morphine in the tail-flick test. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) precipitated a withdrawal syndrome in arthritic animals that was milder in respect to the one produced in normal rats. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin significantly diminished the incidence of withdrawal signs such as jumps, squeak on touch, chattering, ptosis, body shakes and diarrhoea in tolerant-dependent normal rats, while this effect could not be observed in animals suffering from chronic pain. This differential activity of the toxin could be due to the altered tonus of certain neurotransmitter systems that accompanies the chronic situation of pain.
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PMID:Intrathecal pertussis toxin attenuates the morphine withdrawal syndrome in normal but not in arthritic rats. 230 75

It is estimated that 4 million children die each year of vaccine-preventable diseases and that another 4 million are permanently disabled. Although vaccination is the most cost-effective health technology, there is a gap between what we know and what we apply. We seem to be succeeding more in attaining new knowledge than in applying what we know. It takes more than a string of discoveries to provide the benefits of science to the people. Appropriate application of the vaccines presently available against diseases such as measles, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, and pertussis could result in a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity among infants and children attributable to these diseases; continued development and deployment of newer vaccines against some dominant components of the diarrhea-dysentery-pneumonia complex of illnesses could result in further reduction. Improved management practices; more heat-stable, less-expensive, and safer vaccines; and vaccines that require fewer doses are critical for success in future immunization programs.
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PMID:Importance of vaccines in child survival. 266 93


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